Have you ever asked yourself what you are working for

Make Your Job Work for You

Text 3

Answer the questions.

Why People Work

Text 2

Have you ever asked yourself what you are working for? If you have ever had the time to consider this question, or put it to others, you might well have heard some or all of the following. “It’s the money of course,” some say with a smile, as if explaining something to a small child. Or it’s the satisfaction of a job well done, the sense of achievement behind the clinching of an important deal. I worked as a bus conductor once, and I can’t say I felt the same as I staggered along the swaying aisle trying to sell tickets without falling into someone’s lap. It’s the company of other people perhaps, but if that is the case, what about farmers? Is it the conversation in the farmyard that keeps them captivated by the job? “Work is power and a sense of status,” say those who have either attained these elusive goals, or feel distressed that nobody has yet recognized their leadership qualities. Or we can blame it all on someone else, the family or the taxman. I suspect, and I say this under my breath, that most of us work rather as Mr. Micawber lived, hoping for something to turn up. We’ll win the lottery, and tell the boss what we really think. We’ll scrape together the money and open that little shop we always dreamed of, or go around the world, or spend more time in the garden. One day we’ll get that promotion we deserve, but until then at least we have something to do. And we are so busy doing it that we won’t have time to wonder why.

1. Why do you think people don’t usually ask themselves about their reasons for work?

2. What reasons for working are given in the passage? Do you think they are serious?

3. Who can say that work is power?

4. Does the author of the passage agree with the opinions he presents in the passage? Why?

5. What other reasons for working can you think of?

Your job can be a step in the direction of the rest of your life. How you feel about it, what you learn from it, what you do with it or what it does to you helps you to decide where you go from there. If you want to get the most out of it, if you want it to lead you down the path of success, there are certain things you should do. Here are some suggestions:

Don’t let the salary be your main reason for taking the job. Sometimes a lower paying job with the right company and the right contacts can do a lot more for you than a higher salary. Decide what is the lowest pay with which you can be satisfied. Then decide what other things can be important. How much training and/or experience can you get on this job. Some companies give their new employees priceless training. On-the-job experience can be very valuable to you when you apply for your next job. It gives you the practical experience that no school can offer. This can lead to a much higher salary later. What chances are there for advancement within the company? Sometimes accepting a lower paying job gives you a chance to show your boss how capable you are and how valuable you can be to the company. This will pay off later.

Another very important item for you to think about when you apply for the job is the type of contacts you can make. Just as a smart student chooses professors rather than just courses, a smart employee tries to meet and become friendly with the people who help him or her move ahead, either in this company or on the next job. Even if you can’t do that, however, just having the opportunity to meet and develop a relationship with different kinds of personalities can help you develop skills that may move you ahead much faster on your next job. Learning about the job from other people, or learning what it takes to move ahead in a company by observing other people, is an extremely valuable skill.

OK, so now you have the job and you want to make an impression – you want people to notice you. What can you do to become a valuable employee? Do a little bit more and do it well. It really isn’t that hard to be successful in your life. It’s too bad, but many people try to do as little as they can on the job. Take advantage of that – do just a little bit more. This is not to suggest that you should allow anyone to take advantage of you. However, it is suggested that you do your work faithfully and competently and to the best of your ability at all times. There is a saying: “Build a better mousetrap and the world will beat a path to your door.” One way to be noticed in a company is to suggest little things that can improve the routine way that things are done. You must be careful here, however. Sometimes a way of doing thing has been established that has been carefully thought through and has advantages that you don’t realize. The wrong suggestion can hurt you as much as the right suggestion can help you.

Do remember that other employees can be helpful to you. You should at least try not to score points by being critical of a fellow employee who is also doing his or her best job. Ambition, jealousy, and personality differences are encountered on any job, but the more friends you make and the fewer enemies, the better position you are in. There are times when you will need the help of your fellow employees. It is then that your prior actions can result in the kind of back-stabbing that hurts.

There is another important point to be made. Sometimes you may realize that you made a mistake by taking this job. Don’t feel married to it. If it will help your career, quit it and look for another. This is the time when the friends you have made, the reputation you have earned on the job, and the experience and training you have gotten will be most helpful. No job is ever a waste of time because if you have given it your best, you have learned something from it. Take all this with you to your next job and continue to move up from there.

First, of course, you have to get the job. When you do, though, it’s up to you to become a valuable employee. Good luck!

Лекції з англійської мови

UNIT III. JOBS AND CAREERS

Starting-Up

What Are We Working for?

Vocabulary Focus

1. Here are some key words for the topic. Match the words in the left column with their definitions on the right:

4) occupation
5) post / position
6) profession
7) trade
8) work

To find out what someone’s job is you say ‘What do you do?’ Here, Kerstin talks about her job:

‘I work for a large European car maker. I work on car design. In fact, I run the design department and I manage a team of designers: 20 people work under me. It’s very interesting. One of my main responsibilities is to make sure that new model designs are finished on time. I’m also in charge of design budgets.

I deal with a lot of different people in the company. I’m responsible for co-ordination between design and production: I work with managers at our manufacturing plants. ‘
b) Word combinations with ‘work’

The economy is growing fast and more people are in work than ever before. The percentage of people out of work has fallen to its lowest level for 30 years.
c) Types of job and types of work

A full-time job is for the whole of the normal working week; a part-time job is for less time than that. You say that someone works full-time or part-time.

A permanent job does not finish after a fixed period; a temporary job finishes after a fixed period. You talk about temporary work and permanent work.
d) Words used in front of ‘job’ and ‘work’

4. Pierre is talking about his work. Correct what he says using words and word combinations from 3 (ad).
I work for a French supermarket company. (1) I work about the development of new supermarkets. (2) In fact, I running the development department and (3) I am manage for a team looking at the possibilities in different countries. It’s very interesting. (4) One of my main is to make sure that new supermarkets open on time. (5) I’m also charged with financial reporting. (6) I deal at a lot of different organizations in my work. ( 7) I’m responsible of planning projects from start to finish. (8) I work closely near our foreign partners, and so I travel a lot.
5. Complete the text with one of the prepositions from 3b.
Rebecca lives in London and works in public relations. She leaves home for work at 7.30 am. She drives (1). work. The traffic is often bad and she worries about getting (2). work late, but she usually arrives (3). work at around nine. She finishes work quite late, at about eight. ‘Luckily, I’m never ill,’ she says. ‘I could never take the time (4). work. ‘ She loves what she does and is glad to be (5). work. Some of her friends are not so lucky: they are (6). work.
6. A great variety of occupations can be roughly divided into trades and professions.
Trades are occupations which demand a high level of manual skill and an extended period of practical and theoretical training.

Professions are occupations which involve mainly intellectual, or brainwork, and require a long period of higher education at university or an institution of similar standard.
a. Here is a list of some occupations. Sort them out into two groups under the headings.
trades, eg driver professions, eg musician
lawyer dentist hairdresser mechanic architect priest farmer

vet librarian physiotherapist child-minder police officer

accountant engineer scientist chef firefighter civil servant

tailor / dressmaker designer builder carpenter plumber
b. Add some more job-titles to these lists and compare your lists with those of other students.
7. Some job-titles are found in a wide range of different places.
boss director manager executive administrator clerk

secretary skilled worker unskilled worker labourer

receptionist public relations officer safety officer economist

security officer union official personnel officer sales assistant

adviser education officer research-worker supervisor
a. Check their general meaning in a dictionary. Then do the exercise below to help you work out the more precise meanings.
b. Which of the job-titles above would best describe the following?
1) The person who represents the workers ‘interests in disputes with the management in a factory.

2) A person who has a high (but not the highest) position in a company and whose job is to make important decisions.

3) An important person in a company who sits on the Board.

4) A worker whose job requires no special training.

5) A person generally in charge of the day-to-day administration in a company.

6) The person who makes sure there are no risks of accidents from machinery, etc.

7) A person whose job is to keep an eye on the day-to-day work of other workers.

8) A person who does hard physical work.

9) The person who handles applications for vacant posts.

10) The person who gives out information to the press for a company.
8. Name at least one job that would be impossible for these people.

1) Someone who didn’t go to university.

2) Someone with very bad eyesight (= cannot see very well).

3) Someone who is always seasick.

4) Someone who understands nothing about cars.

5) Someone who will not work in the evening or at weekends.

6) Someone who is afraid of dogs.

7) Someone who is afraid of heights and high places.

8) Someone who is terrible at numbers and figures.

9) Someone who can’t stand the sight of blood.

2) prepares and compounds medicines?

3) makes up computer programs?

4) checks tickets on a train?

5) is employed to maintain and clean the building?

6) directs a musical group?

7) designs or builds machines?

8) creates a musical piece?

9) makes, repairs and deals in jewelry?

10) a person who gives an immediate translation of words spoken in another language?

11) displays unusual skill or daring in a film instead of an actor?

12) is a public officer with authority to hear and decide cases in a law-court?
10. Complete these definitions.

6) A stock broker .

11. Here are some useful expressions connected with work.

Study and sort them out under the following headings:

eg to work in shifts

1) to work shift-work [nights one week, days next]

2) to be on flexi-time [flexible working hours]

3) to work nine-to-five [regular day work]

4) to go / be on strike [industrial dispute]

5) to get the sack [thrown out of your job]

6) to be fired [more formal than ‘get the sack’; often used as a direct address: ‘You’re fired!’]

7) to be dismissed [more formal than ‘be fired’]

8) to be made redundant [thrown out, no longer needed]

9) to be laid off [more informal than ‘made redundant’]

10) to give up work [eg in order to study]

11) to be on / take maternity leave [expecting a baby]

12) to be on / take sick leave [illness]

13) to take early retirement [retire at 55]

14) to be a workaholic [love work too much]

15) to be promoted [get a higher position]

16) to apply for a job [fill in forms, etc.]

17) to fall behind in one’s work [be late in doing something]

18) to work overtime / overnight [additional time worked / during night]

19) to work full-time/part-time [regular employment / temporary job]

20) to do odd jobs [occasional job]

21) to have steady work [fixed, permanent job]

22) to take a day off [day free from work]

23) to ask for leave of absence [permission to be absent from work]

24) to be on the dole / unemployment pay [government unemployment pay]

25) to shirk work [avoid work]

26) to give smb (a week’s, a month’s, etc.) Notice [to tell someone that they must leave their job in a week, a month, etc.]
12. Using the expressions above say what you think has happened or is happening.
eg I’m not working now; the baby’s due in 3 weeks.

She’s on maternity leave.
1) I lost my job. They had to make cutbacks.

2) He’s enjoying life on a pension, although he’s only 58.

3) One week it’s six-to-two, the next it’s nights.

4) They’ve made her General Manager as from next month!

5) I was late so often, I lost my job.

6) I get in at nine o’clock and go home at five.

7) Your trouble is you are obsessed with work!

8) I’m a student, so I’ll be able to work only a few hours a day.

9) Sandy has caught a bad cold and has been off work for a week.

10) Harrison has now his mother visiting him, so he asked for permission not to come to work for a couple of days.

11) David lost his job last month and now he earns his living by any job that turns up.

12) Try as he may, Larry still fails to cope with all of this work.
NB: as from in sentence 4) or as of mean ‘on and after a given date or time’ (formal)
13. People may lose their jobs for different reasons.
Study the expressions below and sort them out under the following hea dings: a) you give up a job voluntarily, eg. To resign; b) you are dismissed from work, eg. To be fired.
to get the sack to be made redundant to be terminated

to be fired to take early retirement to hand in one’s notice

to quit a job to be disemployed to be laid off to resign
14. Old and new ways of working
Read the texts below paying attention to the phrases in bold.

I’m an office worker in an insurance company. It’s a nine-to-five job with regular working hours. The work isn’t very interesting, but I like to be able to go home at a reasonable time.

We all have to clock in and clock out every day. In this company, even the managers have to, which is unusual!
^ NB: You also say clock on and clock off.
B

I’m in computer programming. There’s a system of flexitime in my company, which means we can work when we want, within certain limits. We can start at any time before eleven, and finish as early as three, as long as we do enough hours each month. It’s ideal for me as I have two young children.
^ NB: BrE: flexitime; AmE: flextime
C

I work in a car plant. I work in shifts. I may be on the day shift one week and the night shift the next week. It’s difficult changing from one shift to another. When I change shifts, I have problems changing to a new routine for sleeping and eating.

I’m a commercial artist in an advertising agency. I work in a big city, but I prefer living in the country, so I commute to work every day, like thousands of other commuters. Working from home using a computer and the Internet is becoming more and more popular, and the agency is introducing this: it’s called teleworking or telecommuting. But I like going into the office and working with other people around me.
15. Nature of work
Study the following speech patterns and use them correctly in sentences of your own.

travelling a lot

2) An office worker in a large, traditional manufacturing company.

3) A manager in a department store in a large city. Lives in the country.

4) A construction worker on a building site where work goes on 24 hours a day.

5) A technical writer for a city computer company. Lives in the country.
a) work in shifts

b) work under a flexitime system

d) commute to work

e) clock on and off at the same time every day
17. Five people talk about their jobs. Match the jobs (1-5) to the people (ae) and put the words in brackets into the correct grammatical forms.
1) accountant, 2) post woman, 3) flight attendant;

a) main responsibilities b) daily duties / routines
1) I’m in charge of (= responsible for) all deliveries out of the factory.

2) I have to deal with any complaints (= take all necessary action if there are complaints).

3) I run the coffee bar and restaurant in the museum (= ^ I am in control of it / I manage it).

4) I have to go to / attend (formal) a lot of meetings.

5) I visit / see / meet clients (= people I do business with or for).

6) I advise clients (= give them help and my opinion).

7) It involves doing quite a lot of paperwork (a general word we use for routine work that involves paper, eg writing letters, filling in forms, etc.).
NB: We often use responsible for / in charge of for part of something, eg a department or some of the workers; and run for control of all of something, eg a company or a shop.
19. Most workers are paid (= receive money) every month and this pay goes directly into their bank account. It is called a salary.

With many jobs you get (= receive) holiday pay and sick pay (when you are ill). If you want to ask about holidays, you can say: How much holiday do you get? Or How many weeks ‘holiday do you get?

Apart from the words pay and salary, there are also wage (зарплата) and fee (гонорар).
a. Study the difference in the use of these words.
wage (now usually pl.) a fixed amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, esp. one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education

salary (usually monthly or quarterly) payment for regular employment on a yearly basis

pay money paid for regular work or services, esp. in the armed forces (the Navy, the Army, and the Air force)

fee charge or payment for professional advice or services (eg. private teachers or schools, examiners, doctors, lawyers, surveyors).
NB: In different countries, and in different trades and in different grades, the salary that goes with a job may be only part of the package: extra benefits like a company car or cheap housing loans, bonuses paid in a ‘thirteenth month’, company pension schemes, free canteen meals, long holidays or flexible working hours may all contribute to the attractiveness of a job.
b. Scan the list of people in different jobs given below and say which of them are likely to get
1) fee 2) pay 3) salary 4) wage
tailor miner colonel barrister pop singer lorry driver

professor painter senior executive nurse actress MP

scientist army officer novelist dustman receptionist

surgeon doorman accountant docker pilot plumber
20. Pay and benefits
a. Read the texts below paying attention to the words in bold.
1) My name’s Luigi and I’m a hotel manager in Venice. I get paid a salary every month. In summer we’re very busy, so we work a lot of extra hours, or overtime; the money for this is quite good. Working in a hotel, we also get nice perks, for example free meals!

2) I’m Ivan and I work as a waiter in Prague. I like my job even if I don’t earn very much: I get paid wages every week by the restaurant. We get the minimum wage; the lowest amount allowed by law. But we also get tips, money that customers leave for us in addition to the bill. Some tourists are very generous!

4) My name’s Alan. I’m a specialist in pay and benefits. Compensation and remuneration are formal words used to talk about pay and benefits, especially those of senior managers. Compensation package and remuneration package are used especially in the US to talk about all the pay and benefits that employees receive. For a senior executive, this may include share options (BrE) or stock options (AmE): the right to buy the company’s shares at low prices. There may be performance-related bonuses if the manager reaches particular objectives for the company.

5) Compensation is also used to talk about money and other benefits that a senior manager (or any employee) receives if they are forced to leave the organization, perhaps after a boardroom row. This money is in the form of a compensation payment, or severance payment. If the manager also receives benefits, the payment and the benefits form a severance package.

In Britain, executives with very high pay and good benefits may be referred to as fat cats, implying that they do not deserve this level of remuneration.
b. Roger and Julia are talking about Roger’s new job as a photocopier salesman. Complete the conversation, using words from the texts above.
1 R: I get paid every month.

J: I see. You get a salary, not wages.

2 R: I usually have to work late: I don’t get paid for it, but I get a percentage for every photocopier I sell.

J: Oh right. They get an extra payment for producing a certain amount.

^ 4 R: The company pays for medical treatment too, and the company restaurant is fantastic.

J: So you don’t have to buy a car, then.

^ 6 R: What’s more, the company pays in money for us to get when we don’t work any more.

J: Yes, all that extra stuff is really worth having.
c. Which expressions from a and b could be used to continue each of these newspaper extracts?
1) FAILED AIRLINE BOSS GETS MASSIVE PAYOUT

2) MULTILEVER’S EXECUTIVE PAY

3) MEGAFONE CEO GETS £ 10 MILLION ‘THANK YOU’ AFTER TAKEOVER

4) ANGRY SHAREHOLDERS ATTACK EXECUTIVE PAY

2) Airport 3) Firm / Company 4) Hospital 5) Hotel

6) A Court of Law 7) Factory / Plant 8) Railway (station)

Перевод «Have you ever asked yourself» на русский

вы когда-нибудь задавались вопросом
vy kogda-nibud’ zadavalis’ voprosom

13 примеров, содержащих перевод

Вы когда-нибудь задумывались
Vy kogda-nibud’ zadumyvalis’

13 примеров, содержащих перевод

Вы когда-нибудь задавали себе вопрос
Vy kogda-nibud’ zadavali sebe vopros

6 примеров, содержащих перевод

Вы никогда не задумывались
Vy nikogda ne zadumyvalis’

6 примеров, содержащих перевод

Задавались ли вы когда-нибудь вопросом
Zadavalis’ li vy kogda-nibud’ voprosom

2 примеров, содержащих перевод

Вы никогда не спрашивали себя
Vy nikogda ne sprashivali sebya

2 примеров, содержащих перевод

Вы когда-либо спрашивали себя
Vy kogda-libo sprashivali sebya

2 примеров, содержащих перевод

ты никогда не задумывался
ty nikogda ne zadumyvalsya

2 примеров, содержащих перевод

Вы не спрашивали себя
Vy ne sprashivali sebya

2 примеров, содержащих перевод

вы когда-нибудь спрашивали себя
vy kogda-nibud’ sprashivali sebya

11 примеров, содержащих перевод

Задумывались ли вы когда-нибудь
Zadumyvalis’ li vy kogda-nibud’

5 примеров, содержащих перевод

Вы спрашивали себя когда-нибудь
Vy sprashivali sebya kogda-nibud’

2 примеров, содержащих перевод

Задавались ли вы вопросом
Zadavalis’ li vy voprosom

2 примеров, содержащих перевод

Вы задумывались когда-нибудь
Vy zadumyvalis’ kogda-nibud’

2 примеров, содержащих перевод

Спрашивали ли вы когда-нибудь себя
Sprashivali li vy kogda-nibud’ sebya

Why people workHave you ever asked

Why people work
Have you ever asked yourself what you are working for? If you have ever had time to consider this question, or put it to others, you might well have heard some or all of the following. «It’s the money of course», some say with a smile, as if explaining something to a small child. Or it’s the satisfaction of a job well done, the sense of achievement behind the clinching of an important deal. “Work is power and a sense of status,” say those who have either attained these elusive goals, or feel distressed that nobody has yet recognised their leadership qualities. Or we can blame it all on someone else, the family or the taxman.

Почему люди работают
ли когда-нибудь задавали себе вопрос, что вы работаете? Если вы когда-либо имели время, чтобы рассмотреть этот вопрос, или поставить его в других, вы также, возможно, слышали все или некоторые из следующих действий. «Это деньги, конечно», как говорят некоторые с улыбкой, как будто что-то объясняя на маленького ребенка. Или это удовлетворение от хорошо выполненной работы, чувство достижения за клинч важного дела. «Работа есть сила и чувство статуса,» говорят те, кто либо достигается этих неуловимых целей, или чувствовать себя огорчены тем, что никто еще не признали свои лидерские качества. Или мы можем винить все это на кого-то другого, семьи или налоговика.

Почему люди работают
вы никогда не спрашивает себя, что вы работаете? Если вы когда-то было время рассмотреть этот вопрос, или положите его на другие, вы, возможно, слышали все или некоторые из следующих. «Это на деньги», что с улыбкой, как если бы объясняя что-нибудь маленького ребенка. Или это от хорошо проделанной работы,В смысле достижения за загнать важную сделку. «Власти и в смысле состояния,» сказать тем, кто либо достичь этих недостижимой, или огорчены тем, что никто до сих пор не признает их лидерских качеств. Или мы можем возлагать вину на кого-либо, в семье или на taxman.

EXAM PRACTICE

Read the text and put the words at the end of each line into the correct form.

The Bald Eagle

In 1782, soon after the United States won its independence, the bald

eagle ___ (1) as the national bird of the new country. American choose

leaders wanted the eagle to be а symbol of ___ (2) country because it they

is one of the ___ (3) birds. Today the bald eagle strong

almost ___ (4) from the country. In 1972 there ___ (5) only 3,000 disappear be

bald eagles in the entire United States. The reason for the

bird’s ___ (6) population was pollution of rivers by pesticides. Pesticides decrease

poison the fish. Eagles eat these fish and then the eggs eagles

lay have very thin shells and ___ (7). Today, the American government not hatch

and the American people ___ (8) to protect the bald eagle. The try

number of bald eagles slowly ___ (9). The American increase

national bird ___ (10), and remains а symbol of strength and courage. survive

Read the text. Use the word given at the end of each line to form a word that fits the space in the same line. Our ___ (1) in New York was spectacular. Its skyscrapers and the arrive

Statue of Liberty make а ___ (2) sight. New York has а ___ (3) beauty

of over seven million and it is probably the world’s most populate

famous city. The ___ (4) of the ‘Big Apple’ come from many inhabit

different countries. There are more ___ (5) in New York than in any nation

other place on earth. It also has more ___ (6) than any tour

other city except London, ___ (7) in the summer. ___ (8) special

come from all over the world and have а ___ (9) time. There visit

are so many sights for them to get ___ (10) about wonder

whether it’s some of the best museums in the world or the enthusiasm

charming little streets of Greenwich Village.

3. Choose the most suitable word for each space. Viewed from the outside, the Houses of Parliament give а firm impression of all those ___ (1) which we are supposed to value in the British form of government. The architecture gives the place а ___ (2) look, and the buildings are sandwiched between а busy square and the river making them а ___ (3) between the country house of an eccentric duke and а Victorian railway station. You have only to learn that the ___ (4) refer to each other as ‘The Honourable Member for So and So’ to complete the picture of а dignified gentlemen’s club, with of course а few ladies to ___ (5) the numbers. Sadly, over the past few years first radio, and now television, have shown the general ___ (6) what in fact goes on when bills are ___ (7) and questions are asked. The first obvious fact is that the chamber is very rarely full, and there may be only а ___ (8) of members present, some of ___ (9) are quite clearly asleep, telling jokes to their neighbour, or engaged in shouting like badly‑behaved schoolchildren. There is not enough ___ (10) for them all in the chamber in any case, which is а second worrying point. Of course, television does not follow the work of ___ (11) which are small discussion groups that do most of the real work of the House. But the ___ (12) impression that we as ___ (13) receive of the workings of government is not а good one. To put it bluntly, parliament looks disorganised, is clearly behind the times and seems to be ___ (14) with bores and comedians. This is presumably why members resisted for so long the efforts of the ВВС to broadcast parliamentary ___ (15) on television.

1. a) views b) appearances c) identities d) features 2. a) fashionable b) traditional c) close‑up d) notorious

3. a) mixture b) combination c) cross d) match

4. a) members b) candidates c) delegates d) senators

5. a) take away b) bring about c) make up d) set in

6. a) situation b) public с) interest d) rule

7. a) paid b) determined c) voted d) discussed

8. a) handful b) majority c) few d) number

9. a) these b) whom с) them d) others

10. a) seats b) places c) room d) around

11. a) elections b) those c) everyone d) committees

12. a) overall b) visual c) positive d) striking

13. a) audience b) often c) voters d) well

14. a) working b) inevitably c) filled d) much

15. a) matters b) committees c) speeches d) debates

Test 2 1. Read the text and put the words at the end of each line into the correct form.

Tricks on April Fool’s Day In 1698, a number of Londoners received invitations

to see the lions washed in the Thames. This event ___ (1) in news describe

papers. However, the same trick ___ (2) in 1860, and again a lot of repeat

curious Londoners ___ (3) to enjoy the lions washed. In 1957 BBC come

Television played an even ___ (4) joke on its viewers. It showed hilarious

a film about a spaghetti crop ___ (5) in Southern Switzerland. grow

Agricultural workers ___ (6) long strands of spaghetti from bushes pick

and the presenter of the film ___ (7) on the uniform length of the comment

spaghetti and on the successful cultivation of ‘these vegetables’. After be

the programme there ___ (8) a lot of calls from people who not get

___ (9) the joke and wanted to know where they ___ (10) buy spaghetti bushes. can

Read the text. Use the word given at the end of each line to form a word that fits the space in the same line. Americans talk with ___ (1) of their government and ___ (2). They proud, institute

seem certain that they have more ___ (3), better laws and free

stronger leaders. But even the most ___ (4) Americans have а few doubts. patriot

___ (5) is one problem area, and so is the law. There are not educate

enough clever teachers, and too many clever ___ (6). But Americans law

feel ___ (7) that they can change things that don’t work. Americans confidence

want to be proud of their President. They like him to be good‑looking,

They expect him to keep the prices down at home and to keep the

country looking ___ (10) abroad. power

3. Choose the most suitable word for each space. Have you ever asked yourself what you are working for? If you have ever had the time to ___ (1) this taboo question, or put it to others in moments of weakness or confidentiality, you ___ (2) well have heard some or all of the ___ (3). It’s the money of course, some say with а smile, as if explaining something to а small child. Or it’s the satisfaction of ___ (4) well done, the sense of achievement behind the clinching of an important ___ (5). I worked as а bus conductor once, and I can’t say I ___ (6) the same as I staggered along the swaying gangway trying to ___ (7) out tickets without falling over into someone’s lap. It’s the company of other people perhaps, but if that is the ___ (8), what about farmers? Is it the conversation in the farmyard that keeps them captivated by the job? Work is power and а sense of status say those ___ (9) have either attained these elusive goals, or feel aggrieved that nobody has yet recognised their leadership ___ (10). Or we can blame it all on someone else, the family or the taxman. I suspect, and I say this under my ___ (11), that most of us work hoping for something to ___ (12) up. We’ll win the pools, and tell the boss what we really think. We’ll scrape together the ___ (13) and open that little shop we always dreamed of, or go ___ (14) the world, or spend more time in the garden. One day we’ll get that ___ (15) we deserve, but until then at least we have something to do. And we are so busy doing it that we won’t have time to wonder why.

1. a) propose b) meditate c) consider d) launch 2. a) might b) can c) will d) should

3. a) below b) rest c) following d) latter

4. a) a work b) а job c) а task d) an effort

5. a) deal b) position c) job d) engagement

6. a) enjoyed b) wished c) hoped d) felt

7. a) make b) turn с) issue d) give

8. a) one b) case с) question d) former

9. a) people b) must c) who d) to

10. a) qualities b) status c) property d) requirements

11. a) oath b) suspicion c) breath d) pressure

12. a) move b) turn с) ease d) end

13. a) resources b) opportunities c) rest d) money

14. a) round b) over c) into d) to

15. a) ambition b) station c) vocation d) promotion

Test 3 1. Read the text and put the words at the end of each line into the correct form.

Mountain Biking In the past people ___ (1) watching TV or reading enjoy

in their free time. Nowadays people are more interested in doing ___ (2) activity

which take them out of their homes. That’s why mountain biking

ways to explore the countryside. Cyclists must pay attention to the

type of path they ___ (5) on. Some paths ___ (6) for people be, design

who are on foot, so if you cycle along these, you ___ (7) inconvenience cause

to walkers. On any other path, you should still respect walkers.

that farm animals cannot escape. If the weather is fine, you will

enjoy a wonderful day out, especially if you ___ (10) to take not forget

some food and drinks with you.

2. Read the text. Use the word given at the end of each line to form a word that fits the space in the same line. When the famous explorer, Columbus claimed Florida for Spain in 1492,

he had never ___ (1) eyes on it. The area’s most important early ___ (2) lay, visit

thus set а pattern that has continued for centuries. There is а

general ___ (3) amongst people, apparently quite ___ (4) with whether believe, connect

or not they’ve been there themselves, that Florida is а good place

to go. In fact, it is almost ___ (5) not to enjoy yourself in Florida possible

today, given the wonderful ___ (6) of facilities available to tourists. select

Some of the world’s most popular tourist ___ (7) are located in the attract

state whose ___ (8) beaches welcome 40 million people each year. sand

These days it seems ___ (9) to describe Florida’s geography and point

climate. After all, few people would have ___ (10) in finding it on difficult

а map and most would know what weather to expect there.

3. Choose the most suitable word for each space. After more than fifty years of television, it might seem only obvious to conclude that it is here to ___ (1). There have been many objections to it during this time and ___ (2) а variety of grounds. Did it cause eye‑strain? Was the ___ (3) bombarding us with radioactivity? Did the advertisements ___ (4) subliminal messages, persuading us to buy more? Did children turn to violence through watching it, either because so ___ (5) programmes taught them how to shoot, rob, and kill, or because they had to do something to counteract the hours they had ___ (6) glued to the tiny screen? Or did it simply create а vast passive ___ (7), drugged by glamorous serials and inane situation ___ (8)? On the other hand, did it increase anxiety by sensationalising the news (or the news which was ___ (9) by suitable pictures) and filling our living rooms with war and political unrest? ___ (10) in аll, television proved to be the all‑purpose scapegoat for the second half of the century, ___ (11) for everything, but above all, eagerly watched. For no ___ (12) how much we despised it, were bored by it, or felt that it took us away from the old paradise of family conversation and hobbies ___ (13) as collecting stamps, we never turned it off. We ___ (14) staring at the screen, aware that our own tiny ___ (15) was in it if we looked carefully.

1. a) long b) stay c) exist d) be 2. a) with b) over c) by d) on

3. a) screen b) danger c) machine d) reason

4. a) contain b) of c) take d) having

5. a) that b) far c) many d) what

6. a) almost b) spent c) quite d) madly

7. a) programme b) personality c) audience d) tense

8. a) comedies b) programmes c) perhaps d) consequently

9. a) taken b) presented c) capable d) accompanied

10. a) Taken b) All c) Somewhat d) Thus

11. a) broadcasting b) looking c) blamed d) ready

12. a) one b) matter c) difference d) reason

13. a) known b) even c) described d) such

14. a) refused b) received c) turned d) kept

15. a) fault b) reflection c) situation d) consciousness

Test 4 1. Read the text and put the words at the end of each line into the correct form.

The American People Black, white, rich, poor – you can find them all in the USА, one of big

the ___ (1) countries in the world. The great American idea ___ (2) that all these people always be

should become something new. They should leave their old ___ (3) behind and become life

American. In some ways, the idea ___ (4). work

Many people ___ (5) where their grandparents came from. forget

They share the ideas, experiences, and feelings that make up the American culture. now ask

But new questions ___ (6). Some people wonder if too much ___ (7). lose

They are becoming more interested in the countries their families leave

once ___ (8). They are not sure if new immigrants should try ___ (9) their own forget

languages and cultures so completely. Americans talk а great deal about

how wonderful it is to be American. The reason may be because they need to

keep ___ (10) themselves that that is what they are. remind

2. Read the text. Use the word given at the end of each line to form a word that fits the space in the same line. Dear Sir or Madam,

I read your ___ (1) in International Business advertise

magazine and I am writing for more information concerning entry ___ (2) require

for the course in English Language. Could you tell me what language ___ (3) qualify

are required? I do not possess the First Certificate and would like to know

if ___ (4) on the course depends on having the FCE? In fact, as I am an accept

___ (5) for an international company I would be interested in a course account

which focuses on language ___ (6) for both social and develop

college to London and if ___ (9) at all classes is obligatory, attend

or whether an occasional ___ (10) for purposes of travel be acceptable. absent

I look forward to hearing from you.

3. Choose the most suitable word for each space. Nobody knows for certain what the origin of music was. Music is certainly older than poetry and painting but as early man had no way of ___ (1) it, we can only ___ (2) what it sounded like. Watching а child ___ (3) on а drum with its hands or а ___ (4) of wood, it is easy to see that this is the simplest of instruments. It does not ___ (5) much effort to produce а rhythm on it. Wall paintings show what some of the first instruments ___ (6) like. Early civilisations had already discovered the three basic ___ (7) of producing music: blowing into а tube, striking an object, and scraping а string. We know that western music comes from the ___ (8) Greeks. The musical scales we use now are ___ (9) on certain sequences of notes which the Greeks used to create а particular ___ (10). Until the 16th century, most players of instruments were ___ (11) performers, but as music became more ___ (12), orchestras and musical groups began to ___ (13). This ___ (14) about the writing of music to be played by several musicians at one time. This can certainly be ___ (15) the birth of modern music.

1. a) recording b) playing c) producing d) performing 2. a) think b) reckon c) guess d)realise

3. a) hitting b) knocking c) crashing d) banging

4. a) slice b) point c) piece d) shape

5. a) make b) call c) take d) do

6. a) looked b) appeared c) felt d) sounded

7. a) forms b) manners c) systems d) ways

8. a) ancient b) old c) aged d) antique

9. a) raised b) based c) established d) supported

10. a) spirit b) temper c) mood d) humour

11. a) separate b) lonely c) unique d) single

12. a) widespread b) enlarged c) expanded d) extended

13. a) turn b) appear c) spring d) be

14. a) produced b) affected c) caused d) brought

15. a) appointed b) called c) decided d) named

Test 5 1. Read the text and put the words at the end of each line into the correct form.

One morning Mr Sherlock Holmes was sitting in his room in Baker Street.

His friend Dr Watson was standing near the window ___ (1) at a walking stick. look

This stick ___ (2) by a strange visitor the day before. The words forget

‘To Dr Mortimer’ ___ (3) on it. Dr Watson had already been examining write

it for half an hour but ___ (4) say anything about it. Suddenly not can

Sherlock Holmes ___ (5), ‘The owner of this stick has a dog which is say

___ (6) than a terrier. I have noticed the marks of a dog’s ___ (7) large, tooth

on the stick. Probably the dog often ___ (8) the stick behind the carry

master.’ ‘I wonder why this man wanted to visit us,’ asked Dr Watson.

‘Well, we soon ___ (9),’ answered Sherlock Holmes. ‘I can hear know

the bell ___ (10).’ ring

Read the text. Use the word given at the end of each line to form a word that fits the space in the same line. School Then and Now Parents and teachers are always making ___ (1) compare

between the time when they were ___ (2) and the child

present ___ (3). They say everything was better than it generate

is today, especially in ___ (4). For example, they say they educate

used to work much ___ (5) in school, and that nowadays, we hard

aren’t very interested. I ___ (6), because we spend hours agree

every day doing homework after our lessons or ___ (7) for revise

___ (8). I wonder if our parents really had to study so much examine

after school every day. In my opinion, it is no ___ (9) to exaggerate

say we have forgotten how to play. I think one reason why kids behave

___ (10) in class is because they need to get rid of stress.

3. Choose the most suitable word for each space. According to а group called The Voices Foundation, everyone has а singing voice as well as а speaking voice somewhere inside them. This, they say, should be encouraged from an early ___ (1) because it provides the best, and the cheapest, ___ (2) on which to build an understanding of music. ___ (3) the Foundation’s ideas, lies the teaching of the Hungarian composer Zoltan Kodaly. He observed that song can ___ (4) а key part of the relationship between mother and child almost from birth. This is especially ___ (5) of more traditional societies, like those of West Africa, where some small children are ___ (6) to sing literally hundreds of songs, all of which have been learnt by ___ (7). But many modern children first ___ (8) to an understanding of music when they learn to play an instrument, and ___ (9) some teaching of the theory of music is usually а part of this, their relationship with the music on the ___ (10) is often а mechanical one. The ___ (11) of the Voices Foundation is that а natural ___ (12) for rhythm, harmony and musical structure, the very ___ (13) we appreciate in the greatest musicians, can only be achieved through the exploration of music with the voice from the start. The Foundation has, therefore, ___ (14) itself the task of developing а singing‑centred musical education programme that could ___ (15) junior pupils all over the world.

1. a) start b) life c) time d) age 2. a) ground b) basis c) root d) plot

3. a) Behind b) Beneath c) Besides d) Between

4. a) grow b) do c) form d) make

5. a) fact b) true c) real d) actual

d) fit 6. a) able b) expert c) skilled

7. a) repeat b) heart c) memory d) mind

8. a) come b) reach c) go d) arrive

9. a) however b) despite c) although d) whether

10. a) lines b) notes c) book d) page

11. a) rule c) trust d) belief b) certainty

12. a) awareness b) touch c) grasp d) feeling

13. a) degrees b) qualities c) measures d) practices

14. a) let b) set c) put d) cut

15. a) benefit b) favour c) gain d) profit

Test 6 1. Read the text and put the words at the end of each line into the correct form.

A Practical Joke Mr and Mrs Parker were having a quiet day at home. Their

18‑year‑old daughter was away in Wales ___ (1) with a friend. Suddenly stay

the phone ___ (2). A hoarse voice told Mr Parker that his daughter ring

if he ___ (4), he would never see his daughter again. The voice then not pay

gave him instructions about where and when to hand over the money. one

Mr Parker took the ___ (5) train to Wales. He went to the hotel and gave

the briefcase with the money to a woman in a scarf and a raincoat. At 11 p.m.

the same evening, to his great relief, his daughter came back home. She happy

looked ___ (6) than ever and could hardly stop herself from ___ (7) laugh

and her friend ___ (8) to play a practical joke. The joke ___ (9) but, work

strangely enough, Mr and Mrs Parker ___ (10) it as much as their not enjoy

2. Read the text. Use the word given at the end of each line to form a word that fits the space in the same line. How to Learn Vocabulary Students are under enormous pressure to learn

huge amounts of vocabulary but they are rarely given ___ (1) as to how to guide

go about it. They have a ___ (2) to try and learn long lists by tend

heart, but this is hardly the most ___ (3) approach to the problem. efficiency

The golden rule is to do lots of ___ (4) at regular intervals. Secondly, revise

students should concentrate on words with the highest ___ (5), particularly frequent

everyday words which also improve the students’ spoken ___ (6). fluent

They should also take every opportunity to use the words in communication –

there is considerable ___ (7) evidence that learners who like psychology

using the foreign language improve their oral ___ (8) and their perform

overall ___ (9) of the language much more rapidly than acquire

students who are ___ (10) to practise the language in real situations. reluctance

3. Choose the most suitable word for each space. Keeping fit and staying healthy have become а growing industry. ___ (1) apart from the amount of money spent each year on doctors’ ___ (2) and approved medical treatment, huge sums are now spent on health foods and ___ (3) of various kinds, from vitamin pills to mineral water, not to mention health clubs and keep‑fit ___ (4) and videos. We are more concerned than ever, it seems, ___ (5) the water we drink and the air we breathe, and are smoking less, though not yet drinking less alcohol. This does not appear to mean that ___ (6) and sneezes have been banished, or that we can all expect to live to а hundred. To give а personal example, one of my friends, who is а keep‑fit ___ (7), а non‑smoker and teetotaller, and who is very ___ (8) about what he eats, is at present languishing in bed with а wrist in ___ (9) and а badly sprained ankle. Part of his healthy ___ (10) is to play squash every day after work, and that ___ (11) for the ankle. He also cycles everywhere, and if you have ever tried to cycle through the rushhour traffic with а sprained ankle, you will understand ___ (12) he acquired the broken wrist. For _____ (13), it seems, is not just а matter of а good ___ (14) and plenty of exercise. Too much exercise can be harmful, as many joggers have discovered. Eating the right food can easily become an obsession, as can overworking, which you might have to do so as to be able to afford your ___ (15) of the squash club, your mountain bike, your health food, and а few holidays in peaceful and healthy places.

1. a) Poles b) Far с) Quite d) So 2. a) prescriptions b) surgeries c) hospitals d) payments

3. a) medications b) cures c) drugs d) remedies

4. a) books b) television c) advice d) enthusiasts

5. a) than b) about c) for d) hence

6. a) colds b) coughs c) flu d) fevers

7. a) fanatic b) follower c) fad d) person

8. a) interested b) varied c) detailed d) particular

9. a) crutches b) plaster c) treatment d) danger

10. a) living b) lifetime c) lifestyle d) liveliness

11. a) is b) caters c) depends d) accounts

12. a) how b) that c) whenever d) thus

13. a) fit b) this c) health d) all

14. a) diet b) eating c) menu d) recipe

15. a) share b) visit c) membership d) subscription

Test 7 1. Read the text and put the words at the end of each line into the correct form.