Describe how people usually behave

TEXT 1. SOCIAL MORALITY, RULES AND LAWS

The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people ought to behave.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs – that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some laws are made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.

The rules of social institutions are more formal than customs. They carry penalties for those who break them. They are not, however, enforceable by any political authority.

Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we should behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own experiences. Sometimes, we can break these rules and do not suffer any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may criticize us, act violently toward us от refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules which have very little to do with laws created by governments.

However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone (for example when young children commit crimes). Government – made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct which already exist in society and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules.

Exercise 10. Answer the questions on text 1.

1. What does the English word “law” refer to?

2. What regulates the relations between people?

3. Are customs made by governments?

4. How do we learn how to behave in society?

5. How do governments enforce the laws which they make?

Exercise 11. Read text 2 and translate it into Russian in written form.

TEXT 2. CUSTOMS

Customs are social habits, patterns of behaviour, which all societies evolve without express formulation or conscious creation. Custom is one of the principal sources of law; originally law was based upon it. Moreover, custom is not important only as a source of law, for even today some customary rules are still observed and they have almost the same power as rules of law. The only difference is that their observance is not enforced by the organs of the State. Thus, many of the fundamental rules of the Constitution are “conventional” (i. e. customary) rather than legal, rules.

But in modern times most general customs (i. e. customs universally observed throughout the realm) either do not exist or have become absorbed in rules of law. For example many of the early rules of the common law were general customs which the courts adopted, and they have become laws.

On the other hand customs of particular groups of people living in particular localities, are sometimes still capable of creating a special “law” for the locality in question which is different from the general law of the land.

But such variants will only be recognized if certain conditions are satisfied. The following are among the more important of those conditions. The custom must (1) not be unreasonable, (2) the right must be claimed by or on behalf of a defined group of people, (3) must have existed since “time immemorial”. This means that it must go back to 1189 (by historical accident the terminal date of “legal memory”).

Exercise 12. Answer the questions on text 2.

1. What is one of the principle sources of law?

2. Is custom important only as a source of law?

3. What is the difference between customary rules and rules of law?

4. Do customs still create new laws?

5. What conditions must such customs satisfy?

Exercise 13. Read text 3 and translate it into Russian in written form.

TEXT 3. COMMON AND CONTINENTAL LAW

Common law, or case law system, differs from Continental law as it has developed gradually throughout history. It is not the result of government attempts to codify every legal relation. Customs and court rulings have been as important as statutes (government legislation). Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, and their, interpretations may become precendents for other courts.

The doctrine of precedent is still a central feature of modern common law systems.

Even when governments make new laws – statutes, they are interpreted by the courts in order to fit particular cases, and these interpretations become new precedents.

Continental systems, codified legal systems, have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of codes so that the state could govern every legal aspect of a citizen’s life.

When the lawmakers were codifying their legal systems, they looked to the example of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, whose legislators wanted to break with previous case law.

The lawmakers were also influenced by the model of the Canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, but the most important models were the codes produced in the seventh century under the direction of the Roman Emperor Justinian.

Versions of Roman law had long influenced many parts of Europe but had little impact on English law.

Exercise 14. Read text 4 and translate it into Russian in written form.

TEXT 4. ENGLISH LAW

Common Law consists of principles and rules of conduct based on the ancient customs of the country and recognized by the Courts as Law. Common Law is unwritten, and its principles can be learnt only by intensive study of past court decisions and ancient custom. The Common Law can, however, be changed or developed by statute.

But more important perhaps than either the Statute Law or even the Common Law are decisions of the Courts. Just as the many ancient customs of the land make up the Common Law, the collected decisions of the Courts form English «Case Law». Once Parliament has passed a law, the courts must decide what the words of that law mean. The interpretation of the Courts remains till either a higher Court decides that this interpretation was wrong, or Parliament passes another law and changes it.

So once a Court decided against the government on a question of what a law means – and the Courts may decide that a law as worded means something quite different from what the government intended – the government must accept the decision of the Court. They may, if the Houses agree, pass another law. But that takes a great deal of time and trouble.

1 Statute Law – статутное право, писаный закон

Помогите перевести INTRODUCTION TO LAW The English word «law» (Scandinavian borrowing) refers …

Помогите перевести
INTRODUCTION TO LAW
The English word «law» (Scandinavian borrowing) refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive — they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive — they prescribe how people ought to behave. In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs, that is informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
Customs need not be made by governments, and need not be written down. We learn how we should behave in a society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences. The rules of social institutions tend to be more formal than customers. Governments often consider anti-social behavior not simply as a matter between two individuals but as a danger to well being and order of society as a whole. The laws made by the government of one country are often very different from laws of another country. Law today is to a large extent, a complex of different and relatively independent national systems.
Members of every community have made laws for themselves in self- protection If it were not for the law, you couldn’t go out in daylight without the fear of being kidnapped robbed or murdered. There are far more good people in the world, but there are enough of the bad to make law necessary in the interest of everyone.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ В ЗАКОН ОВЕДЕНИЕ

Английское слово «law» (в переводе «закон, право», заимствование из скандинавских языков) относится к ограничениям на различные формы поведения. Некоторые законы носят описательный характер: они просто описывают, как люди обычно ведут себя. Другие законы предписывают: они предписывают, как люди должны себя вести. Во всех обществах отношения между людьми регулируются предписывающими законами. Некоторые из них являются обычаями, то есть неформальными правилами социального и морального поведения. Некоторые из них являются правилами, которые мы принимаем, если принадлежим к определенным социальным институтам, таким как религиозные, образовательные и культурные группы. А некоторые из них являются точными законами, принятыми нациями, и применяются в отношении всех граждан, на которых они распространяются.

Обычаи не принимаются правительствами стран, и их не нужно записывать. Мы узнаем, как нужно вести себя в обществе, через указания, которые получаем от своих семей и учителей, через советы друзей и собственный опыт. Правила социальных институтов, как правило, более формальны, чем обычаи. Правительства часто рассматривают антиобщественное поведение не просто как вопрос отношений между двумя людьми, а как опасность для благополучия и порядка общества в целом. Законы, принятые правительством одной страны, часто сильно отличаются от законов другой страны. Закон сегодня в значительной степени представляет собой комплекс различных и относительно независимых национальных систем.

Граждане каждого общества создали законы для самозащиты. Если бы не закон, вы не могли бы выходить в дневное время, не опасаясь, что вас похитят, ограбят или убьют. В мире гораздо больше хороших людей, но есть достаточно плохих, чтобы сделать закон необходимым для всех.

Контрольная работа №2

Контрольная работа №2

I. Переведите текст письменно.

Descriptive and prescriptive

The English word “law” means various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the law of gravity; another is laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs – that is informal rules of social and moral behavier. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social and cultural groups. And some are laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens.

Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, etc. Sometimes, we can break these rules without any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, other members of society may criticize us, or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules.

The rules of social instructions are more formal than customs, carrying penalties for those who break them. Sports clubs, for example, often have detailed rules for their members. But if a member breaks a rule and refuses to accept any punishment, the club may ask him or her to leave the club.

However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts and the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone – such as when young children commit crimes, or when certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence.

II. Найдите неправильное утверждение.

1. In all societies relations between people are regulated by customs and traditions.

2. The speed limits imposed on a driver is an example of a prescriptive law.

3. In general it is very easy to escape justice.

4. Both customs and rules are enforced by governments.

1. What is a descriptive/prescriptive law?

2. What is the difference between a custom and a law?

3. In what way is the law system described in the text similar to that of your country?

1. It is (you) table. 2. Give (we) the directory. 3. I see (he) under the desk.

IV. Переведите с английского языка на русский.

1. What color is your table?

2. When does the boss come?

3. There are no changes in prices for food and drinks.

4. The figures are on the display.

1. name/ tailor/ a/ me/ the/ tell/ of/ can/ you/ good?

2. are/ well dressed/ always/ very/ you.

VI . Поставьте специальные вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. There is a desk in the room.

2. There is my boss in the office.

3. I am using your telephone.

4. Ка te is doing my work

VII. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму.

2. I (not to see) him for three years. I wonder where he is.

3. If the day (to be) warm next Sunday, we (to go) to the country.

4. They usually (to play) in the garden in the afternoon, but this afternoon they (to play) in the yard.

5. Here are your shoes. I just (to clean) them.

1. I think this flat is too small (to, for) our family.

2. My friend is going to take his exam (on, by, in) two days.

3. I think you can get there (on, by, in) bus.

4. What is he afraid (of, by, at)?

5. This text is too difficult (to, for) me.

6. You can take any (from, out of, of) these books.

IX. Выберете нужное слово .

1. We had (anything, nothing) to say to each other.

2. Martin spent (much, few, many) time in hospital.

3. Everyone was listening to the teacher. (Nobody, somebody, anybody) said anything.

4. (Anybody, nobody) likes to stay in town on a hot day.

5. There’s very (few, a little, little) chalk left. Go and fetch (some, any).

6. There aren’t (much, many) pencils in the box, don’t take (some, any, few).

X. Переведите с английского языка на русский.

1. What is the exchange rate of an Australian dollar to the Japanese yen?

2. We exchange money on the international market every day.

3. We need Deutchmark in Germany, we need krone in Sweden, we need rouble in Russia, we need dollar in the USA.

4. We seldom purchase dollars.

5. Rouble is the best currency.

1. A: What do you say to a friend on his/her birthday?
B: a) It’s a pleasure.

b) Many happy returns of the day.

c) The same to you.

3. A: Where would you go if you had time?
B: a) I shall go to the park.

b) I should go to the park.

c) I must go to the park.

a) for five days.

5. А : Can you play chess?

В : a) Yes, I can a little.

b) Yes, I can little.

c) Yes, I am playing a little.

6. They usually have lunch

а ) in half an hour.

б ) at 12 o’clock.

7. A: How often do you play tennis.

B: a) Last Sunday.

XI I. Поставьте глагол в скобках в соответствующую форму. Обратите внимание на обстоятельство времени.

1. Не usually (sign) a contact himself, but now the secretary (sign) the contract.

2. The bank usually (exchange) dollars to roubles, but now it (not, exchange) them.

3. Usually I (use) my own telephone, but now I (use) my boss ‘s telephone.

XI I I. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму (обратите внимание на употребление Present Perfect и Past Simple).

1. He has signed this agreement recently.

2. We have agreed to purchase their machinery,

3. They have already manufactured this equipment.

4. I spoke to New York over the telephone yesterday.

5. He was in the office.

An old scientist whom everybody in England knows very (well, good) is travelling (on, by) train. The ticket-collector (is making, makes) his round. When he comes to the scientist and asks him for his ticket, (the, an) old man begins to look (at, for) it in his pockets, in his bag and suitcase, but (cannot, may not) find it anywhere.

«(There, it) doesn’t matter,» says the ticket-collector, who knows the scientist very (well, good). There’s no hurry. I (may, can) come again (at, on) the next station». «Oh, but I (can, must) find it», says the old man (helplessly, helpless). «I want to know where I (go, am going)».

Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст

The English word law refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs — that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
What motives do governments have in making and enforcing laws? Social control is undoubtedly one purpose. Public laws establish the authority of the government itself, and civil laws provide a framework for interaction among citizens. Without laws, it is argued, there would be anarchy in society (although anarchists themselves argue that human beings would be able to interact peacefully without laws if there were no governments to interfere in our lives).
Another purpose is the implementation of justice. Justice is a concept that most people feel is very important but few are able to define. Sometimes a just decision is simply a decision that most people feel is fair. But can we create a just society by simply observing public opinion? If we are always fair to majorities, we will often be unfair to minorities. If we do what seems to be fair at the moment, we may create unfairness in the future. Many philosophers have proposed concepts of justice that are much more theoretical than everyday notions of fairness, and sometimes governments are influenced by philosophers. But in general, governments are guided by more practical considerations such as rising crime rates or the lobbing of pressure groups.
Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished; that fathers should provide financial support for their children if they desert their families; that a person should be compensated for losses when someone else breaks an agreement with him or her. But in order to be enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law, and when definitions are being written, it becomes clear that common sense is not such a simple matter. Instead, it is a complex skill based upon long observation of many different people in different situations. Laws based upon common sense do not necessarily look much like common sense when they have been put into words.
In practice, governments are neither institutions solely interested in retaining power, nor clear-thinking bodies implementing justice and common sense. They combine many purposes and inherit many traditions. The laws that they make and enforce reflect this confusion.

Task 7. Подготовьте устный пересказ прочитанного текста на английском языке (10-15 предложений)

Ответ оставил Гуру

Контрольная работа по английскому Unit 10 – ответы к заданиям

О работе

Содержание

Unit 10

SOCIAL MORALITY, RULES AND LAWS

Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What does the English word «law» refer to?
2. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive laws?
3. What is the difference between the rules of social institutions and customs?
4. Are there any instances where the law is not enforced against someone?

Задание 3. Верны или неверны следующие предложения.
1. There are two kinds of laws: descriptive and prescriptive.
2. Customs are more formal than the rules of social institutions.
3. Customs are made by governments and they are written down.
4. When young children commit crimes the law is not enforced against them.

Задание 5. Переведите с английского языка на русский.
То behave; limits; prescribe; customs; to belong to; to accept; moral behavior; however; one’s own experiences; to refuse to have anything to do with smb; to be guided by smth; to commit crimes.

Задание 6. Переведите с русского языка на английский.
Предписанный; регулировать; проводить законы в жизнь; нести наказание; нарушать (законы); политическая власть; страдать; постоянно; вести себя жестоко по отношению к кому-либо; создавать; подчеркивать; отдельный случай.

1. Мы осваиваем юридическую терминологию с первого дня поступления в университет.
2. К концу первого курса он научится представлять информацию в четкой и краткой форме.
3. На вчерашнем семинаре по истории государства и права России магистры активно отстаивали свои позиции.
4. Только к концу прошлого семинара он понял, как составлять ходатайство.
5. Тише, идет лекция! Преподаватель рассказывает об использовании индуктивно-дедуктивных методов в работе юриста.
6. Он занимался исследовательской работой в области теории государства и права еще в школе.
7. Овладение современными технологиями общения, такими, как видеоконференции, является неотъемлемой частью работы юриста.

Задание 7. Выскажите мнение по поводу следующих утверждений. Начните ответ с одного из следующих выражений:
а) выражения полного согласия: It goes without saying, Exactly so;
б) выражения абсолютного несогласия: Nothing of the kind, Surely not;
в) выражения неуверенности и неясности позиции: I’m not quite sure about it, That’s hard to tell….

1. Legal research is the only reliable tool of the legal profession.
2. In the first year students must read and brief hundreds of cases.
3. Experts say that the brain is a complex information processor capable of processing and assimilating complex information at greater speeds through practice.
4. We must know how to analyze and gather information, identify issues, organize our data base, draft inferences and reach conclusions.
5. You can brush up your writing skills by reading resources on the craft of writing.
6. It is easy to learn legal English.
7. It is possible for me to learn and memorize for ever a large amount of information for a few days.
8. We must pace ourselves and learn the substantive law and legal procedure.

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