How many liters of blood are in the human body

How much blood is in the human body?

By Laura Geggel published 3 March 16

A human baby has about as much blood as a 10-lb. cat.

How much blood is coursing through your veins and arteries? It turns out there’s enough blood in the human body to fill a bit more than a 1-gallon milk jug.

The average adult has about 1.2 to 1.5 gallons (4.5 to 5.5 liters) of blood circulating inside their body, said Dr. Daniel Landau, a hematologist and oncologist at the University of Florida Cancer Center – Orlando Health.

If you had no blood, you’d weigh 8 to 10% less. (Of course, you wouldn’t be alive, either.) So, for example, in a person weighing 120 lbs. (54 kilograms), blood takes up about 9.6 to 12 lbs. (4.4 to 5.4 kg).

By the time they’re 5 or 6 years old, children have about the same amount of blood as adults do. But because children are smaller and their bones, muscles and organs don’t weigh as much, their blood makes up a larger percentage of their body weight than it does in adults, Landau said.

In comparison, newborn babies have barely any blood. A newborn baby weighing between 5 and 8 lbs. (2.3 to 3.6 kg) has only about 1 cup (0.2 liters) of blood in their body, he added.

That’s about the same amount of blood as a 10-lb. (4.5 kg) cat has in its body, said Dr. Greg Nelson, a veterinarian with Central Veterinary Associates in Valley Stream, New York. Dogs have slightly more blood (about 86 milliliters per kilogram, compared with about 55 milliliters per kilogram in cats), meaning that an 80-lb. (36 kg) dog has 0.8 gallons (3 liters) of blood, Nelson said.

When adults donate blood, health care workers take 1 pint (about half a liter), Landau said. Blood cells have a life span of about 120 days, and the body constantly makes new red blood cells in the bone marrow. But it still takes time to regenerate these cells, so you can’t donate blood every day.

«That’s the reason you can only donate so often — because you’re waiting for the blood to recover, [which] typically [takes] about four to six weeks,» Landau told Live Science.

In adults, blood contains about 0.8 gallons (3 liters) of plasma, red blood cells, white bloods cells and platelets. Vitamins, electrolytes and other nutrients are dissolved in the blood, and are carried to the body’s cells and organs.

For instance, gold makes up about 0.02% of human blood.

«The joke is, if you’re trying to sell the gold in your blood, you actually need about 40,000 people’s blood in order to have enough gold to sell,» Landau said.

But those 40,000 people would yield only about 8 ounces (28 grams) of gold — not enough to make anyone rich, he said.

Iron is far more plentiful in the blood. This element helps red blood cells keep their circular shape, explaining why adults have about 0.11 to 0.14 ounces (3 to 4 grams) of iron floating around in their blood, he said.

Additional reporting by Andrea Thompson. Originally published on Live Science.

Laura is an editor at Live Science. She edits Life’s Little Mysteries and reports on general science, including archaeology and animals. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, Scholastic, Popular Science and Spectrum, a site on autism research. She has won multiple awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Washington Newspaper Publishers Association for her reporting at a weekly newspaper near Seattle. Laura holds a bachelor’s degree in English literature and psychology from Washington University in St. Louis and a master’s degree in science writing from NYU.

How Many Pints Of Blood Are In The Human Body?

How many Pints of Blood are in the Human Body?

Here’s the answer to the question:

There are, more or less, 9 to 10 pints of blood in females, and 10 to 11 pints of blood in males. The males have a higher blood volume because they generally have larger body mass and built.

In the hospital and laboratory, blood volumes are usually measured by liters (L) because it’s the SI (International System’s basic unit for volume) unit. Sometimes, it could also be measured in milliliters (mL).

Since 1 pint is = 0.473176

Hence, these are the equivalent values in liters, when rounded off:

9 pints = 4.258 liters (4,258 mL)

10 pints = 4.731 liters (4,731 mL)

11 pints = 5.21 liters (5,210 mL)

If you observe the values, you can conclude that losing 15% to 30% or more of blood can rapidly lead to complications. That’s why when bleeding occurs, you have to stop the bleeding immediately and rush the person to the nearest health facility. He would need blood replacement before anemia, stroke, heart attack, and death could occur.

In cases when there’s only a small amount of bleeding; anemia, dizziness, weakness, pale skin, and syncope would occur.

What to Do when Bleeding Occurs?

Open Wounds

Apply strong direct pressure on the patient’s wounds with sterile gauze and call 911, if you’re in the US or the equivalent emergency number in your own country. You can also elevate the wound higher than your heart, so blood wouldn’t ooze freely to the open wound.

You can apply a tourniquet to help arrest the bleeding too. However, the application of a tourniquet may not be applicable to persons who have blood vessel disorders. So, if you’re not well versed about the medical history of the patient, refrain from doing so.

The doctor would stitch the wound or perform similar procedures to close the open wound and stop the bleeding.

Small Wounds

For small wounds, clean and sterilize it before applying pressure with a band aid or similar sterile materials. If it’s a pinprick, let the wound bleed for some seconds, while washing with running water. This would help eliminate dirt and bacteria that can infect the wound. Sterilize with iodine or betadine.

Massive Wounds

Massive bleeding can quickly lead to death due to cardiac stroke or attack because of blood loss. This calls for a prompt action and presence of mind. Call 911 and then staunch the bleeding using the following:

In this case, the doctor would most likely order an ASAP blood transfusion to replace the blood lost.

Blood Donation

Some Qualifications for Blood Donors are:

In mild anemia, iron-rich diet and supplementary iron may be needed for treatment. You should consult your doctor to ensure that you get the best treatment.

How much blood can you lose?

Conclusion

To remain healthy, you must maintain your total blood volume. A loss of 500 mL once or twice a year in blood donations can be healthy, because the bone marrow has to produce new red blood cells to replace the old red cells. However, massive blood loss from other causes is fatal and would cause stroke, heart attack and death.

Thus, you should act promptly when blood loss occurs due to pathological or accidental reasons. You could be saving your own life or that of another person.

Hope this post about how many pints of blood are in the human body will clear your doubts and confusion. If you want to share this information, feel free to share this post.

How Blood Works

By: Carl Bianco, M.D. | Updated: Feb 16, 2021

­Do you ever wonder what makes up blood? Unless you need to have blood drawn, donate it or have to stop its flow after an injury, you probably don’t think much about it. But blood is the most commonly tested part of the body, and it is truly the river of life. Every cell in the body gets its nutrients from blood. Understanding blood will help you as your doctor explains the results of your blood tests. In addition, you will learn amazing things about this incredible fluid and the cells in it.

Blood is a mixture of two components: cells and plasma. The heart pumps blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins to provide oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body. The blood also carries away waste products.

The adult human body contains approximately 5 liters (5.3 quarts) of blood; it makes up 7 to 8 percent of a person’s body weight. Approximately 2.75 to 3 liters of blood is plasma and the rest is the cellular portion.

Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. Blood cells like red blood cells float in the plasma. Also dissolved in plasma are electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins (absorbed from the intestines or produced by the body), hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins (antibodies to fight infection). Plasma distributes the substances it contains as it circulates throughout the body.

­­The cellular portion of blood contains red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. The RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs; the WBCs help to fight infection; and platelets are parts of cells that the body uses for clotting. All blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. As children, most of our bones produce blood. As we age this gradually diminishes to just the bones of the spine (vertebrae), breastbone (sternum), ribs, pelvis and small parts of the upper arm and leg. Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells is called red marrow, and bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called yellow marrow. The process by which the body produces blood is called hematopoiesis. All blood cells (RBCs, WBCs and platelets) come from the same type of cell, called the pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell. This group of cells has the potential to form any of the different types of blood cells and also to reproduce itself. This cell then forms committed stem cells that will form specific types of blood cells.

We’ll learn more about red blood cells in detail next.

Red Blood Cells

During formation, the RBC eventually loses its nucleus and leaves the bone marrow as a reticulocyte. At this point, the reticulocyte contains some remnants of organelles. Eventually these organelles leave the cell and a mature erythrocyte is formed. RBCs last an average of 120 days in the bloodstream. When RBCs age, they are removed by macrophages in the liver and spleen.

A hormone called erythropoietin and low oxygen levels regulate the production of RBCs. Any factor that decreases the oxygen level in the body, such as lung disease or anemia (low number of RBCs), increases the level of erythropoietin in the body. Erythropoietin then stimulates production of RBCs by stimulating the stem cells to produce more RBCs and increasing how quickly they mature. Ninety percent of erythropoietin is made in the kidneys. When both kidneys are removed, or when kidney failure is present, that person becomes anemic due to lack of erythropoietin. Iron, vitamin B-12 and folate are essential in the production of RBCs.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are by far the most abundant cells in the blood. RBCs give blood its characteristic red color. In men, there are an average of 5,200,000 RBCs per cubic millimeter (microliter), and in women there are an average of 4,600,000 RBCs per cubic millimeter. RBCs account for approximately 40 to 45 percent of the blood. This percentage of blood made up of RBCs is a frequently measured number and is called the hematocrit. The ratio of cells in normal blood is 600 RBCs for each white blood cell and 40 platelets.

There are several things about RBCs that make them unusual:

The primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. RBCs contain a protein called hemoglobin that actually carries the oxygen.

In the capillaries, the oxygen is released to be used by the cells of the body. Ninety-seven percent of the oxygen that is carried by the blood from the lungs is carried by hemoglobin; the other three percent is dissolved in the plasma. Hemoglobin allows the blood to transport 30 to 100 times more oxygen than could be dissolved in the plasma alone.

Hemoglobin combines loosely with oxygen in the lungs, where the oxygen level is high, and then easily releases it in the capillaries, where the oxygen level is low. Each molecule of hemoglobin contains four iron atoms, and each iron atom can bind with one molecule of oxygen (which contains two oxygen atoms, called O₂) for a total of four oxygen molecules (4 * O₂) or eight atoms of oxygen for each molecule of hemoglobin. The iron in hemoglobin gives blood its red color.

Thirty-three percent of an RBC is hemoglobin. The normal concentration of hemoglobin in blood is 15.5 grams per deciliter of blood in men, and 14 grams per deciliter of blood in women. (A deciliter is 100 milliliters, or one-tenth of a liter.)

Besides carrying oxygen to the cells of the body, the RBCs help to remove carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the body. Carbon dioxide is formed in the cells as a byproduct of many chemical reactions. It enters the blood in the capillaries and is brought back to the lungs and released there and then exhaled as we breathe. RBCs contain an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase which helps the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) to occur 5,000 times faster. Carbonic acid is formed, which then separates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions:

Carbonic Anhydrase

carbon dioxide + water ==> carbonic acid + hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion

The hydrogen ions then combine with hemoglobin and the bicarbonate ions go into the plasma. Seventy percent of the CO₂ is removed in this way. Seven percent of the CO₂ is dissolved in the plasma. The remaining 23 percent of the CO₂ combines directly with hemoglobin and then is released into the lungs.

In the next section, we’ll learn about the different types of white blood cells.

White Blood Cells

White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, are a part of the immune system and help our bodies fight infection. They circulate in the blood so that they can be transported to an area where an infection has developed. In a normal adult body there are 4,000 to 10,000 (average 7,000) WBCs per microliter of blood. When the number of WBCs in your blood increases, this is a sign of an infection somewhere in your body.

Here are the six main types of WBCs and the average percentage of each type in the blood:

Most WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes) are formed in the bone marrow. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are also called granulocytes because they have granules in their cells that contain digestive enzymes. Basophils have purple granules, eosinophils have orange-red granules and neutrophils have a faint blue-pink color. When a granulocyte is released into the blood, it stays there for an average of four to eight hours and then goes into the tissues of the body, where it lasts for an average of four to five days. During a severe infection, these times are often shorter.

Neutrophils are the one of the body’s main defenses against bacteria. They kill bacteria by actually ingesting them (this is called phagocytosis). Neutrophils can phagocytize five to 20 bacteria in their lifetime. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed, segmented or polymorphonuclear nucleus and so are also called PMNs, polys or segs. Bands are immature neutrophils that are seen in the blood. When a bacterial infection is present, an increase of neutrophils and bands are seen.

Eosinophils kill parasites and have a role in allergic reactions.

Basophils are not well understood, but they function in allergic reactions. They release histamine (which causes blood vessels to leak and attracts WBCs) and heparin (which prevents clotting in the infected area so that the WBCs can reach the bacteria).

Monocytes enter the tissue, where they become larger and turn into macrophages. There they can phagocytize bacteria (up to 100 in their lifetime) throughout the body. These cells also destroy old, damaged and dead cells in the body. Macrophages are found in the liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes, skin and intestine. The system of macrophages scattered throughout the body is called the reticuloendothelial system. Monocytes stay in the blood for an average of 10 to 20 hours and then go into the tissues, where they become tissue macrophages and can live for months to years.

Neutrophils and monocytes use several mechanisms to get to and kill invading organisms. They can squeeze through openings in blood vessels by a process called diapedesis. They move around using ameboid motion. They are attracted to certain chemicals produced by the immune system or by bacteria and migrate toward areas of higher concentrations of these chemicals. This is called chemotaxis. They kill bacteria by a process called phagocytosis, in which they completely surround the bacteria and digest them with digestive enzymes.

In the next section, we’ll take a closer look at lymphocytes and platelets.

Lymphocytes and Platelets

Lymphocytes are complex cells that direct the body’s immune system. T lymphocytes start in the bone marrow from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, then travel to and mature in the thymus gland. The thymus is located in the chest between the heart and sternum (breastbone). B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production). Seventy-five percent of lymphocytes are T cells. Lymphocytes are different from the other WBCs because they can recognize and have a memory of invading bacteria and viruses. Lymphocytes continually pass back and forth between lymph tissue, lymph fluid and blood. When they are present in the blood, they stay for several hours. Lymphocytes can live for weeks, months or years.

There are many types of T cells that have specific functions, including:

B cells become plasma cells when exposed to an invading organism or when activated by helper T cells. B cells produce large numbers of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins or gamma globulins). There are five types of immunogloulins (abbreviated Ig): IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA and IgD. These are Y-shaped molecules that have a variable segment that is a binding site for only one specific antigen. These bind to antigens, which causes them to clump, be neutralized or break open. They also activate the complement system.

The complement system is a series of enzymes that help or complement antibodies and other components of the immune system to destroy the invading antigen by attracting and activating neutrophils and macrophages, neutralizing viruses and causing invading organisms to break open. Memory B cells also remain for prolonged periods, and if the same antigen is encountered it causes a more rapid response in producing antibodies.

Platelets (thrombocytes) help blood to clot by forming something called a platelet plug. The other way that blood clots is through coagulation factors. Platelets also help to promote other blood clotting mechanisms. There are approximately 150,000 to 400,000 platelets in each microliter of blood (average is 250,000).

Platelets contain many chemicals that assist clotting. These include:

Plasma is a clear, yellowish fluid (the color of straw). Plasma can sometimes appear milky after a very fatty meal or when people have a high level of lipids in their blood. Plasma is 90-percent water. The other 10 percent dissolved in plasma is essential for life. These dissolved substances are circulated throughout the body and diffuse into tissues and cells where they are needed. They diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration. The greater the difference in concentration, the greater the amount of material that diffuses. Waste materials flow in the opposite direction, from where they are created in the cells into the bloodstream, where they are removed either in the kidneys or lungs.

Hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) pushes fluid out of blood vessels. Balancing this is something called oncotic pressure (caused by proteins dissolved in blood), which tends to keep fluid inside the blood vessels.

Proteins make up a large part of the 10 percent of material dissolved in plasma and are responsible for oncotic pressure. Protein molecules are much larger than water molecules and tend to stay in blood vessels. They have more difficulty fitting through the pores in capillaries, and therefore have a higher concentration in blood vessels. Proteins tend to attract water to keep their relative concentration in blood vessels more in line with fluid outside the blood vessels. This is one of the ways the body maintains a constant volume of blood.

Plasma contains 6.5 to 8.0 grams of protein per deciliter of blood. The main proteins in plasma are albumin (60 percent), globulins (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma globulins (immunoglobulins)), and clotting proteins (especially fibrinogen). These proteins function to maintain oncotic pressure (especially albumin) and transport substances such as lipids, hormones, medications, vitamins, and other nutrients. These proteins are also part of the immune system (immunoglobulins), help blood to clot (clotting factors), maintain pH balance, and are enzymes involved in chemical reactions throughout the body.

Electrolytes are another large category of substances dissolved in plasma. They include:

These chemicals are absolutely essential in many bodily functions including fluid balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction (including the heart), blood clotting and pH balance.

Other materials dissolved in plasma are carbohydrates (glucose), cholesterol, hormones and vitamins. Cholesterol is normally transported attached to lipoproteins such as low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). For more information on cholesterol, read How Cholesterol Works.

When plasma is allowed to clot, the fluid left behind is called serum. When blood is collected from a patient it is allowed to clot in a test tube, where the cells and clotting factors fall to the bottom and the serum is left on top. Serum is tested for all the numerous items discussed above to determine if any abnormalities exist.

There are four major blood types: A, B, AB, and 0. The blood types are determined by proteins called antigens (also called agglutinogens) on the surface of the RBC.

There are two antigens, A and B. If you have the A antigen on the RBC, then you have type A blood. When B antigen is present, you have type B blood. When both A and B antigens are present, you have type AB blood. When neither are present, you have type O blood.

When an antigen is present on the RBC, then the opposite antibody (also called agglutinin) is present in the plasma. For instance, type A blood has anti-type-B antibodies. Type B blood has anti-type-A antibodies. Type AB blood has no antibodies in the plasma, and type O blood has both anti-type-A and anti-type-B antibodies in the plasma. These antibodies are not present at birth but are formed spontaneously during infancy and last throughout life.

In addition to the ABO blood group system, there is an Rh blood group system. There are many Rh antigens that can be present on the surface of the RBC. The D antigen is the most common Rh antigen. If the D antigen is present, then that blood is Rh+. If the D antigen is missing, then the blood is Rh-. In the United States, 85 percent of the population is Rh+ and 15 percent is Rh-. Unlike in the ABO system, the corresponding antibody to the Rh antigen does not develop spontaneously but only when the Rh- person is exposed to Rh antigen by blood transfusion or during pregnancy. When an Rh- mother is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus, then the mother forms antibodies that can travel through the placenta and cause a disease called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis.

A unit of blood is 1 pint (450 milliliters) and is mixed with chemicals (CPD) to prevent clotting. Each year, approximately 12 million to 14 million units of blood are donated in the United States. Generally, a blood donor must be at least 17 years old, be healthy, and weigh over 110 pounds.

Prior to donating blood, the donor is given an information pamphlet to read. A health history is taken to ensure that the donor has not been exposed to diseases that can be transmitted by blood, and to determine if donating blood is safe for that person’s own health. The donor’s temperature, pulse, blood pressure and weight are obtained. A few drops of blood are obtained to make sure the donor is not anemic. It usually takes less than 10 minutes for the blood to be removed once the needle has been placed. Sterile, single-use equipment is used so there is no danger of infection to the donor. Donors should drink extra fluids and avoid exercise that day. Blood can be donated every eight weeks.

Autologous blood donation is the donation of blood for one’s own use, usually prior to surgery. Apheresis is the procedure in which only a specific component of a donor’s blood is removed (usually platelets, plasma or leukocytes). In this way, more of that specific component can be removed than can be derived from one unit of blood.

Each unit of blood can be separated into several components so that each component can be given to someone with a need for that specific one. Therefore, a single unit of blood can help many people. These components include:

Let’s look at each of these blood components in more detail.

Red blood cells (packed RBCs)

Plasma (fresh frozen plasma), once thawed, is transfused to treat bleeding disorders when many clotting factors are missing. This occurs in liver failure, when too much of a blood thinner called Coumadin has been given, or when severe bleeding and massive transfusions result in low levels of clotting factors.

Platelets are transfused in people with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) or abnormally functioning platelets. Each unit of platelets raises the platelet count by approximately 5,000 platelets per microliter of blood.

Albumin makes up 60 percent of the protein in plasma, is produced in the liver and is used when blood volume needs to be increased and fluids have not worked, as in cases of severe bleeding, liver failure and severe burns.

Immunoglobulins are given to persons who have been exposed to a certain disease such as rabies, tetanus or hepatitis to help prevent that disease.

Factor VIII concentrate and cryoprecipitate are used in hemophilia A (classic hemophilia) since this is caused by a factor VIII deficiency.

Factor IX concentrate is used in hemophilia B («Christmas disease»), which is caused by a deficiency of clotting factor IX.

Answer the following questions / Ответьте на вопросы

What does Circulatory System consist of?

What is circulation?

What is the largest artery in the body?

What do know size of your heart?

What are the main elements of blood?

How many liters of blood are in the human body?

Word Search / Поиск слов

The Circulatory System/ Сердечнососудистая система

Level B

Vocabulary

to pump – качать

quart – кварта (единица объема в Великобритании)

Reading

Circulatory System

The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.

As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.

On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs.

Veins and Arteries

Arteries

Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb. The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.

Veins

Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn’t have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don’t need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is returned to the heart, it is under less pressure.

Heart

Heart is the strongest muscle. Heart is divided into two sides. The right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body’s blood is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as a fist.

Complete the sentences using the text

2. The рroper function of this system is…

3. Exhaled air consists of…

4. When air is inhaled into the lungs, a portion of the oxygen is…

5. It then passes through…

6. The bronchi divide into…

7. Other structures which are connected…

8. Any muscular effort…

Match pairs of synonyms

to consist of, to take part in, fine, air passage, to occur, respiratory tract, to happen, minute, to be involved in, to be made of

Form pairs of antonyms to these words, using prefix ex, and translate them

Choose the correct translation of the selected words

1. Each lung is surrounded by a double-folded membrane, the pleura. (окружает, окружило, окружено)

2. The tonsils are located in the oropharynx. (былирасположены, расположат, расположены)

3. Numerous questions were being discussed at the lesson. (обсуждались, обсуждают, будутобсуждены)

4. The concept of respiration was based directly upon the work of Lavoisier. (былаоснована, основывают, основана)

5. The total number of alveoli in the lung has been estimated as 750 millions. (насчитывают, насчитали, насчитал)

Translate the following phrases

1. life-giving gas, life-giving gas exchange; 2. tissue masses, tissue masses structures; 3. respiration waste products, respiration waste products removal; 4. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide exhalation; 5. doublewalled membrane, double-walled lung membrane; 6. blood capillaries, blood capillaries dense network; 7. thoracic cavity volume, thoracic cavity volume increase; 8. body cell oxygen, body cell oxygen supply.

SayitinEnglish

2. В процессе дыхания ткани поглощают кислород, а углекислый газ выводится из организма.

3. Воздух, который мы вдыхаем, содержит около 20% кислорода.

4. Бронхи делятся на мелкие воздухоносные пути, называемые бронхиолами.

5. Прекращение дыхания даже на несколько минут приводит к смерти.

Тема2.3.TheCirculatorySystem/ Сердечнососудистаясистем

LevelA

Welearnthenewwords / Мыучимновыеслова

to pump – качать

quart – кварта (единица объема в Великобритании)

Weread / Мы читаем

Circulatory System

The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.

As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.

On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs.

Heart

Heart is the strongest muscle. Heart is divided into two sides. The right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body’s blood is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as a fist.

Answer the following questions / Ответьтенавопросы

What does Circulatory System consist of?

What is circulation?

What is the largest artery in the body?

What do know size of your heart?

What are the main elements of blood?

How many liters of blood are in the human body?