How proud i was the code

How proud i was the code

Образуйте от слова EXPLORE однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Dr. Lawrence is a lecturer at Scotland’s University of Edinburgh who specialises in the history of science and __________________ in Africa.

Вставьте пропущенное слово:

When the war ended I returned to Trinity College and was granted an extra year to complete my degree. 32 _______ my father and mother considered my grant at Trinity the highlight of the year, I thought Dad’s receiving an award from the Queen was more important.

The ceremony turned 33 _______ to be a double delight, because I was able to witness my old tutor, Professor Bradford, receive his award for the role he had played in the field of breaking German military codes 34 _______ the war. I was proud of our little team working under Professor Bradford – as Churchill stated in the House of Commons, we had probably cut the length of the war by a year.

We all met up afterwards for tea at the Ritz, and not unnaturally at some 35 _______ during the afternoon the conversation switched to what career I proposed to follow now the war was over. To my father’s credit he had never once 36 _______ that I should join him at the family company, especially as I knew how much he had longed for another son who might eventually 37 _______ his place. In fact, during the summer vacation I became even more conscious of my good fortune, as Father seemed to be preoccupied with the business and Mother was unable to hide her own anxiety about the future of the company. But whenever I asked if I could help all she would 38 _______ was, “Don’t worry, it will all work out in the end.”

therefore — по этой причине

moreover — кроме того

however — однако, как бы ни.

Вставьте пропущенное слово:

When the war ended I returned to Trinity College and was granted an extra year to complete my degree. 32 _______ my father and mother considered my grant at Trinity the highlight of the year, I thought Dad’s receiving an award from the Queen was more important.

The ceremony turned 33 _______ to be a double delight, because I was able to witness my old tutor, Professor Bradford, receive his award for the role he had played in the field of breaking German military codes 34 _______ the war. I was proud of our little team working under Professor Bradford – as Churchill stated in the House of Commons, we had probably cut the length of the war by a year.

We all met up afterwards for tea at the Ritz, and not unnaturally at some 35 _______ during the afternoon the conversation switched to what career I proposed to follow now the war was over. To my father’s credit he had never once 36 _______ that I should join him at the family company, especially as I knew how much he had longed for another son who might eventually 37 _______ his place. In fact, during the summer vacation I became even more conscious of my good fortune, as Father seemed to be preoccupied with the business and Mother was unable to hide her own anxiety about the future of the company. But whenever I asked if I could help all she would 38 _______ was, “Don’t worry, it will all work out in the end.”

turn off — выключать;

turn into — превращаться;

turn over — переворачиваться.

Вставьте пропущенное слово:

When the war ended I returned to Trinity College and was granted an extra year to complete my degree. 32 _______ my father and mother considered my grant at Trinity the highlight of the year, I thought Dad’s receiving an award from the Queen was more important.

The ceremony turned 33 _______ to be a double delight, because I was able to witness my old tutor, Professor Bradford, receive his award for the role he had played in the field of breaking German military codes 34 _______ the war. I was proud of our little team working under Professor Bradford – as Churchill stated in the House of Commons, we had probably cut the length of the war by a year.

We all met up afterwards for tea at the Ritz, and not unnaturally at some 35 _______ during the afternoon the conversation switched to what career I proposed to follow now the war was over. To my father’s credit he had never once 36 _______ that I should join him at the family company, especially as I knew how much he had longed for another son who might eventually 37 _______ his place. In fact, during the summer vacation I became even more conscious of my good fortune, as Father seemed to be preoccupied with the business and Mother was unable to hide her own anxiety about the future of the company. But whenever I asked if I could help all she would 38 _______ was, “Don’t worry, it will all work out in the end.”

until — до те пор (пока);

unless — если не, пока не;

Вставьте пропущенное слово:

When the war ended I returned to Trinity College and was granted an extra year to complete my degree. 32 _______ my father and mother considered my grant at Trinity the highlight of the year, I thought Dad’s receiving an award from the Queen was more important.

The ceremony turned 33 _______ to be a double delight, because I was able to witness my old tutor, Professor Bradford, receive his award for the role he had played in the field of breaking German military codes 34 _______ the war. I was proud of our little team working under Professor Bradford – as Churchill stated in the House of Commons, we had probably cut the length of the war by a year.

We all met up afterwards for tea at the Ritz, and not unnaturally at some 35 _______ during the afternoon the conversation switched to what career I proposed to follow now the war was over. To my father’s credit he had never once 36 _______ that I should join him at the family company, especially as I knew how much he had longed for another son who might eventually 37 _______ his place. In fact, during the summer vacation I became even more conscious of my good fortune, as Father seemed to be preoccupied with the business and Mother was unable to hide her own anxiety about the future of the company. But whenever I asked if I could help all she would 38 _______ was, “Don’t worry, it will all work out in the end.”

Вставьте пропущенное слово:

When the war ended I returned to Trinity College and was granted an extra year to complete my degree. 32 _______ my father and mother considered my grant at Trinity the highlight of the year, I thought Dad’s receiving an award from the Queen was more important.

The ceremony turned 33 _______ to be a double delight, because I was able to witness my old tutor, Professor Bradford, receive his award for the role he had played in the field of breaking German military codes 34 _______ the war. I was proud of our little team working under Professor Bradford – as Churchill stated in the House of Commons, we had probably cut the length of the war by a year.

We all met up afterwards for tea at the Ritz, and not unnaturally at some 35 _______ during the afternoon the conversation switched to what career I proposed to follow now the war was over. To my father’s credit he had never once 36 _______ that I should join him at the family company, especially as I knew how much he had longed for another son who might eventually 37 _______ his place. In fact, during the summer vacation I became even more conscious of my good fortune, as Father seemed to be preoccupied with the business and Mother was unable to hide her own anxiety about the future of the company. But whenever I asked if I could help all she would 38 _______ was, “Don’t worry, it will all work out in the end.”

offer — предлагать, но после глагола offer употребляется либо to-Infinitive (offer to help) или дополнение (offer (smb) help);

propose — предлагать в значении вносить предложение (propose a plan or suggestion)

Participle as a Second Action

§ Shocked 1 by the poverty of my own vocabulary, I went 2 to the British Museum library.

§ She sat by the window, lighted up by the setting sun.

The participle in this function may take different posi­tions in the sentence:

§ Suddenly touched, the girl kissed him.

§ The girl kissed him, suddenly touched.

EXERCISES:

Ex. 131. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formas a second action accompanying the action of the predicate verb:

Ex. 132. Translate the following into English using ing-forms to express second actions accompanying the action of the predicate verb:

1.Я посидел там немного, просто наблюдая людей. 2.Они оба остановились, прислушиваясь к голосам на лест­нице. 3.О, Берт, я никогда не думала, что буду заканчивать свою жизнь, заворачивая какие-то старинные предметы в обер­точную бумагу. 4.Бернард был еще в Шотландии, где он гостил у родственни­ков. 5.Джек покачал головой, выражая свое несогласие. 6.Я лежал в постели и думал об этом весь день. 7.Какой-то человек вышел из дома. Он нес гитару. 8.Динни наверху. Она читает моему сыну. 9.Минуту мы стояли не двигаясь, не в состоянии понять, что происходит. 10.Он смотрел на подарок, не веря своим глазам. 11.Он сидел у камина, пытаясь читать вечернюю газету. 12.Он стоял на верхней площадке лестницы и наблюдал, как его жена разбирает письма. 13.Он ходил по дому, тихо улыбаясь. 14.Он был в классе один и проверял тетради. 15.Ты был бы счастлив, живя со мною в деревне.

Ex. 133. Translate the following into English using ing-forms to denote a second action afterto spend (to waste) time, to have a good (hard, etc.) time andto have difficulty (trouble):

1.Она провела весенние каникулы, катаясь на лыжах с роди­телями. 2.Она без труда найдет для тебя работу в Голливуде. 3.Когда я пришла домой, я целый час убирала комнату. 4.Она обычно проводила утро, загорая на пляже. 5.Большую часть своего времени они проводили, читая или слушая музыку. 6.Им трудно жилось в Дублине. 7.Мне было трудно вспомнить имя этого человека. 8.Мы с трудом нашли такси ночью. 9.Не теряя ни минуты, он поехал в Лондон. 10.Мы очень весело потанцевали. 11.Она с трудом заставила ребенка съесть завтрак. 12.Я потерял два часа, ожидая тебя на станции. 13.Ей было скучно присматривать за теткой. 14.Я не хочу надоедать тебе своими рассказами весь вечер. 15.В молодости я потерял очень много времени, читая книги, которые не принесли мне большой пользы. 16.Все свое свободное время я читал и писал.

UNIT 25

VERBALS AS OBJECT

Infinitive as Object

We find the infinitive as object after some verbs:

§ Margaret continued to visit Jack in hospital.

§ He did not want to be left alone.

§ I pretended to be listening.

The infinitive as object is used after modal phrases can afford and can bear in negative and interrogative forms:

§ Can you afford to go on such an expensive trip?

§ I couldn’t bear to damage him.

The infinitive is used after set phrases: to make up one’s mind

to take care, to take the trouble

§ I took care to ask Strickland nothing about his own doings.

§ The next day he made sure to buy a copy of the newspaper.

After to help the infinitive is used with or with­out to:

§ Helen will help (to) make tea.

§ Will you help (to) talk her out of it?

As object of an adjec­tive the infinitive is always used with to:

§ I am curious to know the news.

§ He would be crazy not to do so.

Occasionally a for-phrase is used as subject of the infinitive:

§ He was eager for me to start on my new job.

§ I am prepared for everyoneto accuse me of being foolish.

The infinitive may be part of a wh—phrase (whether, what, who, whom, how, etc.) and is always used with to:

§ He went away, not knowing whereto turn or whatto do.

§ He could not decide whetherto speak or not.

The infinitive is used with it as subject:

§ It pleased her to see how other chil­dren played with her son.

§ It does me good to watch her playing with the other children.

§ It took several days for her to fully realize it.

§ It was his turn to cook breakfast.

The in­finitive is also found after adjectives and ing-forms with it as a subject:

§ It was surprising to hear his voice.

§ It was unwise to be rude to David.

Note: it is worth while + Infinitive

is worth + ing-form

§ It might be worth whileto mention that there is a train soon.

§ Do you think it is worthopening a shop somewhere?

ing-form as Object

The ing-form (not Infinitive) is used as a direct object after the fol­lowing verbs:

§ Few writers avoided making mistakes.

§ The rest of us finished eating.

§ Roger went on speaking with energy.

§ He kept on smiling at her and speaking.

The ing-form as object is used after some modal phrases in the negative:

The ing-form is also used after the set phrase to feel like:

§ I didn’t feel like talking to him after what had happened.

§ I don’t feel like eating anything.

The ing-form may be a direct object of ad­jectives — busy and worth:

§ The man was busy shouting.

§ He thought my idea was worth trying.

The ing-form is found after verbs that need a preposition­al object:

I. The verbs of the first group are closely connected with a preposition:

II. Verbs requiring a non-prepositional + prepositional object:

§ Did she suspect them of trying to cheat her?

The ing-form as a prepositional object is also found af­ter adjectives:

§ If only I were capable of doing that!

Sometimes the ing-form is used after ad­jectives: amusing, comfortable, difficult, easy, great, lovely, nice, odd, pleasant, strange, useless, wonderful, etc.:

§ It will be rather nice seeing him again.

§ It was useless arguing with Jane.

Infinitive and ing-form as Object Compared

As an object the infinitive and the ing-form are lexically dependent: according to a tradition some verbs require an infinitive and others an ing-form. Yet, after some verbs it is possible to use either verbal. The overlap in the use of infinitive and ing-form is caused by several reasons:

1) The infinitive expresses a following action, while the ing-form denotes a preceding action:

§ Bart remembered to count five before answering his father.

§ I forgot to tell John about the party.

§ I remember seeing to him.

§ He regretted hurting her feelings.

3) With some other verbs the infinitive and the ing-form are interchangeable: to begin, to cease, to con­tinue, to hate, to intend, to like, to love, to neglect, to prefer and to start.

Note 1:there are other verbs in English denoting the beginning, the continuation or the end of an action which are associat­ed with only one of the two verbals. Thus, to commence and to set out are used with infinitive and to finish, to keep, to keep on, to leave off, and to set about take an ing-form.

Note 2: after the verb to stop the object is always expressed by an ing-form:

§ She stopped speaking, as though waiting for him to speak.

The infinitive after to stop can serve only as an adverbial modifier of purpose. It is usually separated from the verb to stop by an object or an adverbial modifier.

§ As I stopped at the bar to have a drink I saw them talking it over.

If the infinitive happens to follow the head-verb immediately it is to be regard­ed as accidental. Examples of this kind are of rare occurrence.

§ I stopped to ask if you were better. They told me you were on duty.

Note 3: The infinitive and the ing-form may serve as object to verbs generally requiring a prepositional object. These verbs are: to agree, to aim, to care, to hesi­tate, to long, to plan and to threaten:

§ “I may plan on living in London for the rest of my life,” said George.

§ Everything you’ve planned to do is sensible.

§ He was still hesitating about joining the expedition.

§ They didn’t hesitate to make free use of his purse.

As an object of an adjective, the infinitive and the ing-form are lexically dependent. Both verbals may be found after the following adjec­tives: afraid, amazed, annoyed, ashamed, astonished, careful, certain, content, fortunate, fright­ened, furious, happy, keen, proud, right, scared, set, slow, sorry, sure, surprised, touched and wrong. The ing-form is always used as a prepositional object after them:

Cf. I was touched to find my own name on the invitation list.

How touched she was at seeing him there.

After some adjectives, however, the infinitive tends to express a single following action (a), while the ing-form is preferred when simultaneous or preceding actions are expressed (b):

§ In fact, I’m afraid to ask. (a)

§ I’m always afraid of getting caught. (b)

§ I was afraid to go in. (a)

§ Were you ever afraid of losing your mind? (b)

§ I thought that I should be wiser not to go. (a)

§ I thought she wasn’t very wise in telling us that. (b)

Yet it should be pointed out that on the whole the infinitive is more common after all the above listed adjectives; the ing-form is somewhat literary in style. The use of the infinitive and the ing-form with certain other adjectives is associated with a change of meaning of the adjec­tive, for example: grateful, good, interested, etc.

§ The apples are good to eat (= the apples are good for eating).

§ I’m not very good at driving (= I don’t very well know how to drive).

EXERCISES:

Ex. 134. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formas direct object to the predicate verb:

Ex. 135. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formas direct object after verbs that admit of both forms:

Ex. 136. Translate the following into English using infinitives or ing-forms as direct object:

1.Она стала плакать. (to begin) 2.Я захотел что-нибудь узнать о нем. (to want) 3.Он совсем проснулся и хотел почитать, но единственной книгой в комнате была Библия. (to feel like) 4.Поль не нуждается в защите. (to need) 5.Он любил находиться в обществе своих родственников. (to like) 6.Он непрерывно поглядывал на часы и, выпив чай, сказал, что должен возвращаться. (to keep) 7.Теперь я начинал понимать кое-что. (to begin) 8.Вскоре я перестал быть полезным им. (to cease) 9.Дэн не мог удержаться от того, чтобы не показать свою работу. (to resist) 10.Даже в затемненной комнате я не мог не видеть, что лицо миссис Джоунз распухло от слез. (cannot help) 11.Все то январское утро телефон настойчиво звонил в моем кабинете. (to keep) 12.Я предложил найти доктора и привести его к Эду. (to pro­pose) 13.Я не думаю, чтобы он упоминал о том, что навещал их. (to mention) 14.Они забыли пригласить меня. (to forget) 15.Я никогда не забуду, как я гостил в вашем доме в Кенте. (to forget) 16.Я пытаюсь читать. (to try) 17.Мне не хотелось оставлять его одного в горе, и я предложил отвезти его к себе домой. (to want, to offer) 18.Я отложил письмо к нему на завтра. (to put off) 19.Я не мог вынести, чтобы ко мне относились так холодно. (to endure) 20.Она не возражала против того, чтобы быть одной в коттед­же. (to mind) 21.Я. всерьез принялся писать короткие рассказы. (to set about) 22.Он был рад, что она позаботилась написать ему. (to take the trouble.) 23.Ты помнишь, как ты привез виноградный сок в этот дом в то утро? (to remember) 24.Ты не забыл послать деньги в Лидс? (to remember) 25.Я решил не беспокоить Роджера этим делом. (to decide) 26.O, я думаю, вам понравится жить здесь, когда наступит лето. (to enjoy) 27.Он пробовал выращивать там картошку. (to try) 28.Я знал, что он старается накопить немного денег. (to try) 29.Мы не будем просить, чтобы вы взяли нас с собой. (to ask) 30.Я устал притворяться, что я пишу или читаю. (to pretend) 31.Мне не хотелось шутить. (to feel like) 32.Я отказываюсь взять на себя ответственность за твои дейст­вия. (to refuse) 33.Он старался избежать встречи с кем-нибудь, кого он знал. (to avoid) 34.Несмотря на дождь, мы продолжали ждать. (to go on) 35.В эти дни он не мог позволить себе опаздывать. (cannot afford) 36.Хью прочитал в одной американской газете рецензию на эту книгу и предложил купить ее для их библиотеки. (to suggest) 37.Когда я вернулся в дом, я не забыл стереть с лица дождь. (to remember) 38.Я помню, что как-то говорил тебе об этом, Льюис. (to re­member) 39.Возможно, что Молли пожалела, что она так много болта­ла. (to regret) 40.Она все больше и больше боялась, что останется одна с деть­ми. (to dread) 41.Остальные, без суеты, согласились принять участие. (to agree) 42.Ее друзья обещали присылать ей работу. (to promise) 43.Она села у камина и приготовилась рассказывать свои но­вости. (to prepare) 44.Он продолжал упорно звонить в гостиницу, спрашивая, нет ли для него каких-либо сообщений. (to keep) 45.Вы хотите взглянуть на него? (to care) 46.Он не удостоил их ответом. (to trouble) 47.Утром он начал переносить вещи в комнату внизу. (to start)

Ex. 137. Use the required form of the infinitive or the ing-formin their function of direct object:

Ex. 138. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formto use it as direct object to an adjective:

Ex. 139. Translate the following into English using infinitives or ing-forms as direct objects to adjectives:

1.Работу все еще было трудно найти, и мне не очень везло первые несколько дней. (hard) 2.Ее нижняя губа задрожала, как будто она готова была раз­рыдаться. (ready) 3.Ее улыбка быстро пропала. «Твой приход —чистое безу­мие». (crazy) 4.Мама была занята приготовлением обеда на кухне. (busy) 5.Он попрощался со мной за руку: «Мне жаль, что приходит­ся уходить». (sorry) 6.Некоторое время я был очень доволен, что мог побыть один. (content) 7.Песню стоило записать на магнитофон. (worth) 8.Он быстро сообразил, что случилось. (quick) 9.За их спором было трудно следить. (hard) 10.Рано или поздно вы обязательно услышите об этом. (cer­tain) 11.Он жил на те скромные деньги, которые его отец сумел отложить. (able) 12.Об этой новости стоило написать его отцу. (worth) 13.Он был очень доволен, что застал брата дома. (delighted) 14.В такой день что-нибудь неизбежно должно было случить­ся. (sure) 15.Я не был достаточно заинтересован в том, чтобы продол­жать спор. (interested) 16.Вам повезло, что вы живете в таком красивом месте. (lucky) 17.Его жена была в Лондоне. Она занималась тем, что подыс­кивала новое жилье. (busy) 18.Вероятно, я этого не сделаю. (likely) 19.Таких результатов невозможно достичь. (impossible) 20.Я удивился, когда мне позвонил Чарльз. (surprised) 21.Я глубоко уважал ее и гордился знакомством с нею. (proud) 22.Я был волен уходить и приходить, когда хотел. (free) 23.Ожидалось, что его самолет вылетит в час. (due) 24.Я очень огорчился, найдя его таким больным. (distressed) 25.Этого человека легко было понять. (easy) 26.Я видел, что ему очень не хочется уходить. (reluctant) 27.Он был теперь полон решимости остаться там. (determined) 28.Дорис не так легко было принять это предложение. (easy) 29.Когда я прибыл, он был занят стрижкой газона. (busy) 30.Его коллекцию марок стоило посмотреть. (worth)

Ex. 140. Translate the following into English using wh-phrases:

1.Теперь он не знал, как провести день. 2.Я больше не знаю, кому верить. 3.Мы сидели несколько минут молча. Мы не знали, о чем разговаривать. 4.Я не знал, благодарить его снова или нет. 5.Он снял очки и тщетно искал, чем бы их протереть. 6.Я не мог решить, где его искать. 7.Он, казалось, не был уверен, по какой дороге идти. 8.Он научился ладить с такими людьми. 9.Осень не подходящее для путешествий время года. 10.У него осталось мало времени для сна. 11.Филипп не знал, уходить ему или оставаться. 12.Там было слишком много ножей, вилок и ложек, и он не знал, что с ними делать. 13.«Мужчины — странные существа, и нужно знать, как с ними обращаться», — сказала мне Энн. 14.Я просто не знал, что мне делать с братом.

Ex. 141. Supply the necessary prepositions for the ing-forms used as prepo­sitional objects of verbs:

Ex. 142. Use the required form of the ing-formin its function of preposi­tional object to a verb in the following sentences:

Ex. 143. Translate the following into English using ing-forms as preposi­tional objects to verbs:

1.Oн не возражал против того, чтобы там находились другие люди. (to object) 2.Я не виню тебя за то, что тебе так хочется уехать из города в такую погоду. (to blame) 3.Я не имел никакого отношения к тому, что он принял это решение. (to have nothing to do) 4.Тогда я начал подозревать, что он дразнит меня. (to suspect) 5.Нам было нетрудно хорошо относиться друг к другу. (to have no difficulty) 6.Он настоял на том, чтобы она научилась этой сложной игре. (to insist) 7.Ничего не могло помешать ему вернуться в Лондон. (to prevent) 8.Он извинился, что задержал меня. (to apologize) 9.Мне не удалось заставить Энн говорить. (to succeed) 10.Отец часто обвинял меня в том, что я отношусь к дому как к отелю. (to accuse) 11.Я. сам не был уверен, что я чувствую в связи с тем, что Джек возвращается домой. (to feel) 12.Я. сказал ему о том, что Фил хочет пойти с нами. (to tell) 13.У отеля она настояла на том, чтобы заплатить за такси. (to insist) 14.Дэн уговорил Белла остаться с ним завтракать. (to talk) 15.Доктор начал с того, что пощупал его пульс. (to begin) 16.На секунду я испугался, что он задумал подать в отставку. (to think) 17.Он настоял на том, чтобы Анну немедленно пригласили сюда. (to insist) 18.Я не одобряю его за то, что он вообще влез в это дело. (to disapprove) 19.Я спросил его, как ему нравится быть врачом. (to feel about). 20.Как ты объяснил, что ты разбил машину? (to account) 21.Он упрекал себя за то, что не попытался поговорить с нею. (to reproach)

Ex. 144. Supply the necessary prepositions for the ing-forms used as prepo­sitional objects to adjectives in the following sentences:

Ex. 145. Use the required ing-formin its function of prepositional object to an adjective in the following sentences:

Ex. 146. Translate the following into English using ing-forms as preposi­tional objects to adjectives:

1.Ты явно умеешь держать язык за зубами. (good) 2.Я гордился тем, что оказался полезным ему. (proud) 3.Я знал, что он не способен принимать решения. (capable) 4.Доктор привык выслушивать самых разных людей. (used) 5.Мне жаль, что я причинил вам так много беспокойства. (sorry) 6.Я больше, чем ты, заинтересован в том, чтобы найти ее. (interested) 7.Я уверен, что ты вполне способен справиться с ситуацией. (capable) 8.Мне надоело делать то, что мне дается с трудом. (tired) 9.Я удивился, что он вообще женился. (surprised) 10.Я был немного разочарован тем, что не встретил Чарльза. (disappointed) 11.Она была благодарна ему за то, что он понял, что ей не хочется говорить о себе. (grateful) 12.Он был раздражен на нее за то, что она втянула его в эту ссору. (annoyed) 13.Он любил смеяться над теми, кто был робок. (fond)

Ex. 147. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formto use it as object to a verb in sentences with a formal if as subject or object:

Ex. 148. Translate the following into English using infinitives or ing-forms as objects to verbs in sentences with a formalitas subject:

1.Он очень устал, и ему потребовалось сделать усилие, чтобы выйти из машины. (to take) 2.Я не думаю, что ему доставляло удовольствие ссориться. (to amuse) 3.Сколько бы ей потребовалось времени, чтобы найти дру­гую квартиру? (to take) 4.Когда мне было пора уходить, она попросила меня позво­нить ей в тот же вечер. (to be time) 5.Мне было приятно думать, что он ничего не знает о моих планах. (to please) 6.Ветер был таким сильным, что ему понадобились четыре спички, чтобы зажечь сигарету. (to take) 7.Мэри раздражало, когда она слышала, как Вилли употреб­ляет немецкое слово или фразу. (to irritate) 8.То, что Пэт опоздала, было неважно. (to matter) 9.Потребовалось немного времени, чтобы на кухне стало теп­ло. (to take) 10.Спустя некоторое время она сказала, что теперь его очередь объяснить, что он хочет делать. (to be one’s turn) 11.Мне никогда не приходило в голову сравнивать эти две книги. (to occur) 12.Я получила большое удовольствие, читая это письмо. (to delight) 13.Ему было мучительно видеть, как ее тело сотрясается от рыданий. (to torture) 14.Может быть, вам было бы интересно посмотреть, что за человек этот Аллен. (to be of interest) 15.Мне доставило удовольствие писать эссе о его романах. (to give pleasure) 16.Меня привлекают поездки по незнакомым местам. (to fasci­nate) 17.Когда дело дошло до приготовления обеда, она расплакалась. (to come down) 18.Им не приходило в голову, сколько смелости ей потребова­лось, чтобы задать этот вопрос. (to take)

Ex. 149. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-formas object to an adjective in sentences with a formalitas subject.

Rememberthat the infinitive in this function is neutral in style whereas the ing-form is highly colloquial and often emotionally coloured:

Ex. 150. Translate the following into English using infinitives and ing-forms in their function of object to an adjective in sentences with a formal it as subject.Be careful, when necessary, to indicate in the proper way the doer of the action expressed by the verbals:

1.Ведь можно придерживаться разных взглядов по одному и тому же вопросу. (possible) 2.Приятно находиться вне помещения в такую погоду. (nice) 3.Было просто великолепно, что Барт был с нами. (wonder­ful) 4.В такой дождь трудно достать такси. (tough) 5.По-видимому, на этот домик стоило посмотреть. (worth) 6.Было довольно мило с его стороны поспешить домой, чтобы тут же без промедления рассказать ей все. (sweet) 7.Будет очень мило, если у моего сына будет приятель для игр его возраста. (nice) 8.В жаркий день очень приятно окунуться в холодную воду. (delightful) 9.С твоей стороны было мило сделать это так быстро. (nice) 10.Неестественно, чтобы молодой человек проводил все свои вечера дома. (natural) 11.Необходимо решить сегодня, приглашать ли его. (necessary) 12.Крайне досадно, что он исчез подобным образом. (annoying) 13.Было очень неприятно причинять боль старому человеку. (hateful) 14.Тогда я подумал, что будет глупо с моей стороны не извлечь из этого никакой пользы, если это возможно. (silly) 15.Не было ничего необычного в том, что праздничный обед закончился подобным образом. (unusual) 16.Если у вас есть дети, иногда имеет смысл состоять в школь­ном комитете. (worth)

UNIT 26

Механическое удерживание земляных масс: Механическое удерживание земляных масс на склоне обеспечивают контрфорсными сооружениями различных конструкций.

How proud i was the code

Вставьте пропущенное слово:

When the war ended I returned to Trinity College and was granted an extra year to complete my degree. 32 _______ my father and mother considered my grant at Trinity the highlight of the year, I thought Dad’s receiving an award from the Queen was more important.

The ceremony turned 33 _______ to be a double delight, because I was able to witness my old tutor, Professor Bradford, receive his award for the role he had played in the field of breaking German military codes 34 _______ the war. I was proud of our little team working under Professor Bradford – as Churchill stated in the House of Commons, we had probably cut the length of the war by a year.

We all met up afterwards for tea at the Ritz, and not unnaturally at some 35 _______ during the afternoon the conversation switched to what career I proposed to follow now the war was over. To my father’s credit he had never once 36 _______ that I should join him at the family company, especially as I knew how much he had longed for another son who might eventually 37 _______ his place. In fact, during the summer vacation I became even more conscious of my good fortune, as Father seemed to be preoccupied with the business and Mother was unable to hide her own anxiety about the future of the company. But whenever I asked if I could help all she would 38 _______ was, “Don’t worry, it will all work out in the end.”

Reacting to events – как реагировать на события на английском языке?

Бывают ситуации, когда эмоции переполняют, но для описания событий просто не хватает слов. В родном языке мы часто используем устойчивые фразы типа «надорвать живот от смеха», «умереть со смеху», «взорваться от злости», «быть готовым сквозь землю провалиться» и т. п. Английский язык не менее эмоционален. Чтобы уметь как можно ярче описывать реакцию людей на происходящее, предлагаем рассмотреть подобные идиоматические выражения на примере небольших ситуаций, произошедших в одной семье, когда все были:

… We all got the shock of our lives last Christmas. We were sitting round the fire, forcing third helpings of Christmas cake into our mouths, when the doorbell rang. It made everybody jump. Auntie Jane nearly jumped out of her skin. I was pretty startled myself, I must admit. Anyway, there at the door – believe it or not – was Uncle Mac, with an armful of presents (It was the first time in living memory that he had ever given anything to anybody). Everyone caught their breath when they saw him. No-one could really believe their eyes. Poor Aunt Flossie actually fainted, and Uncle Bill kept blinking, as if he had seen a ghost. And Granny, who had been talking non-stop since breakfast, was absolutely speechless. I thought her eyes were going to pop out of her head. I reckon you could have knocked all of us over with a feather.

Рассмотрим выделенные идиомы:

… I looked across and saw that tears were already trickling down Mum’s cheeks. I must confess a lump had come to my throat. When the priest started speaking, Julia burst out crying, and that was the signal for Mum to break down; she was completely overcome. By this time tears were rolling down several faces – including Dad’s – and I had a horrible feeling that I was going to burst into tears. The priest’s few words were very touching; I think he was almost moved to tears himself. I’m not surprised. They made such a lovely couple and Maggie looked great in white.

… I think it was Dad’s side of the family that started it, when Uncle Mac started calling Uncle Bill names. Auntie Jane took offence immediately and then Granny joined it. She made Aunt Flossie lose her temper and soon after that Dad blew his top. That led to Mum going berserk – I’ve never seen her so livid. It wasn’t long before Maggie, for some reason, started insulting Uncle Tom and then it was his turn to see red; he really went mad – “furious” isn’t the word for it. It was about then that Grandad, who had obviously been seething for some time, hit the roof. Things quietened down a bit after that and Granny dealt the next hand of cards.

… Well, naturally most of us were scared stiff. Only Maggie kept cool throughout. Mum went as white as a sheet and even Dad panicked a bit. Auntie Jane’s hair stood on end and Uncle Bill ran a mile. I must confess that my heart missed a beat or two. I mean, it’s not every day that a tax inspector comes to your front door, is it? All the time he was with us, Uncle Mac was twitching as if he had an army of ants inside his shirt collar. Whenever the phrase “failure to declare earned income” came up, Aunt Flossie winced and Mac’s hand started shaking so much he couldn’t light his pipe. It was obvious that Granny was trembling too when she tried to pick her cup of tea up – three times. Everyone shuddered visibly when the man said he would be back – everyone except Maggie, that is. She didn’t flinch once, didn’t turn a hair. She’s either a very good actress or extremely honest.

… I could see that Julia was dying of embarrassment – not surprisingly, in the circumstances. I bet the incident is still on her conscience. Anyway, I could feel that I was blushing, and the other chap was as red as a beetroot. Julia had a terribly guilty look in her eyes, or rather, she had guilt written all over her face. She started stammering something about feeling tired and having come up for a rest. I didn’t know where to put myself, I can tell you. I stood there for a few seconds hoping a hole would open up in the floor and swallow me. In the end I just gulped and backed out of the room.

… Well, everyone burst out laughing, of course. Uncle Bill laughed his head off, and Auntie Jane nearly died laughing. And you should have seen Granny; she was in hysterics. She nearly split her sides laughing. Even Uncle Mac couldn’t help laughing when he realized what the cause of their laughter was. The vicar was the only one who didn’t see the funny side of things; completely straight-faced, stony-faced he was. Granny was still hysterical long after Uncle Mac had turned round, chuckling to himself, and put the matter straight.

Для закрепления слов и выражений предлагаем выполнить следующие задания:

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence:

Read the story and translate the words in bold:

My friend has a great sense of humour. She is always cheerful and ready to tell a few anecdotes. Хотите верьте, хотите нет, but when we are together I nearly надрываю живот от смеха. Helen is able to make everyone смеяться. But on the other hand, she doesn’t теряет самообладание, her jokes are never оскорбительные, she never обзывает меня and не обижается when we have some misunderstandings. Moreover, she is a real friend in need. Once we went to the cinema together. Frankly speaking, I expected to watch some трогательную melodrama. I’m always тронута до слез by love stories; я ощущаю комок в горле, и слезы катятся по моим щекам. But that evening my friend had some other plans and decided to watch a horror film. On hearing that I пришла в ярость. I hate horror films, because у меня волосы становятся дыбом, when I see blood, and I’m ready бежать куда глаза глядят. Nevertheless, Helen persuaded me to go. She promised that the film wouldn’t be too terrifying. After the first episode у меня глаза на лоб полезли. Я онемела от страха. Then I began дрожать. My сердце замерло, I побледнела как полотно and at last I упала в обморок. When I recovered my consciousness I was already at home. Helen не знала, куда себя деть. Вина была написана на ее лице. She asked: “How are you?” заикаясь. At that moment она готова была сквозь землю провалиться. I said: “I’m Ok. You’d better cheer me up after that wonderful film!”

Если вы нашли ошибку, пожалуйста, выделите фрагмент текста и нажмите Ctrl+Enter.

Неличные формы глагола: обобщение

I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. It will take a lot of time for the two parties … to an agreement.

a. come c. to come

b. coming d. to be coming

2. Make a careful assessment of all pros and cons before … a decision.

a. to take c. having taken

b. taking d. taken

3. We have to figure out a better way … with our customers.

a. communicating c. communicated

b. to communicate d. communicate

4. Would you mind … through the details once more?

a. running c. run

b. to run d. being run

5. I heard him … something with the Chief Personnel Officer.

a. to discuss b. to discussing

b. discussed d. discussing

6. The letter … on Friday didn’t reach the addressee.

a. send c. to send

b. sent d. sending

7. Could you tell me what made you … your mind?

a. change c. to change

b. changed d. changing

8. Clark believes … a job with good prospects for promotion.

a. to offer c. to be offered

b. offering d. to be offering

9. He admitted … a serious mistake and did his best to correct it.

a. making c. having making

b. to make d. made

10. … all the data I was able to make a rational decision.

a. Having been analysed c. Being analysed

b. Analysed d. Having analysed

11. The President was … at the results of the economic reforms.

a. disappointing c. disappoint

b. being disappointed d. disappointed

12. He looked at the certificate of origin … where the goods were produced.

a. checked c. to check

b. having checked d. to checking

13. Our profits are up this year, so I expect … a pay rise.

a. to give c. being given

b. to be given d. giving

a. Having gone; to take c. Going; to be taking

b. Gone; to be taken d. To have gone; taking

a. speaking; to accept c. spoken; accepting

b. to speak; accepted d. speak; accept

a. earning; living c. being earned; to live

b. earning; to live d. being earned; living

17. An … project manager is good at … how long each activity will take.

a. experiencing; predicted c. experiencing; being predicted

b. experienced; predicting d. experienced; having predicted

18. Let me … by … how proud I am of your contribution to this company.

a. to start; saying c. starting; having said

b. started; say d. start; saying

19. When … from country to country on business or leisure, people have … one currency to another.

a. travelling; to convert c. travelled; converted

b. having travelled; to converting d. travel; converting

20. There are plenty of books that can … you how … an effective business plan.

a. to teach; to be writing c. teach; to write

b. be teaching; write d. teaching; to be written

II. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в соответствующей форме инфинитива, причастия или герундия:

1. It is necessary for the company (to make) some employees redundant.

2. This question is too difficult (to settle) without further consultations.

3. You’d better (to hurry) up or you’ll be late for the meeting.

4. There was nothing to do but (to wait).

5. They are said (to work) at the pilot project for two months.

6. We are looking forward (to see) you again and (to discuss) our plans.

7. He was made (to sign) a paper (to admit) his guilt.

8. People (to involve) in management spend a great deal of their time (to work).

9. It’s important (to create) a favourable impression when (to meet) clients.

10. They proposed (to minimise) the effect of redundancy by (to rely) on natural wastage.

11. I trained with a small firm, where I was able (to learn) the nitty-gritty of (to run) a small business.

12. We try (to stay) competitive by (to invest) heavily in advertising and promotion.

13. We regret (to inform) you that we are unable (to supply) the items you ordered, as we are completely out of stock.

14. I’m not sure I agree with all the obligations (to stipulate) in this contract. I’ll have to get a lawyer (to look) at it.

15. (To be) an energetic and competent manager, Mr. Collins initiated several new projects since (to join) the company.

16. Performance appraisals help (to assure) that (to promise) staff are not overlooked for promotion.

17. If you insist on (to thwart) my plan, I can go on (to work) at it without (to consult) you.

18. A clerk is an employee responsible for (to carry) out general office duties, (to fill)in forms and (to keep) records.

19. It’s for you (to decide) where (to work) after (to graduate)from the university.

20. A receptionist is a person (to employ) in an office (to receive) clients or guests, tell them how (to get) to the right office, answer the telephone, and arrange appointments.

III. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Laws were made not to be broken, laws were made to stay within.

2. Interest rates have been raised in order to reduce inflationary pressures.

3. To give advice is easier than to follow it.

4. With prices rising very fast, there is no point in trying to save up.

5. Many of the documents mentioned above are now available on the Internet.

6. Nowadays people are struggling even more to make both ends meet.

7. It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.

8. I tried to tell you, but you were always too busy talking to listen.

9. To improve the situation, clearly defined rules need to be established.

10. Not knowing the language, I made myself understood by using gestures.

11. The suppliers made us wait for a couple of weeks.

12. There are three ways to get something done: do it yourself or hire someone.

13. A life spent making mistakes is more useful than a life spent doing nothing.

14. The primary purpose of the Academy of Public Administration is to educate current administrators and public officials.

15. Most elected officials want to be seen in a positive light for doing productive things.

16. Given limited resources, policymakers look for better ways to make use of available funds.

17. In order to deal with the problem of money laundering, a number of specialised governmental agencies were created.

18. Acquiring a good command of a foreign language is a must for the students of the Academy.

19. Entrepreneurship is considered to be a source of economic growth and competitiveness.

20. If you are about to resign, your first responsibility is to let your employer know that you are resigning.

IV. Ознакомьтесь с рекомендациями психологов о том, как лучше готовиться к экзаменам. Употребите глаголы в скобках в форме инфинитива, причастия или герундия:

(1) (Study) for an exam is different from (2) (try) (3) (remember) someone’s name. Here are some tips:

— Group information by dates, people, or places. It may help (4) (make) a chart.

— Color code. (5) (Use) colored pens helps many people (6) (retain) new information.

— Use different senses. Try (7) (learn) new information by (8) (read), (9) (write), (10) (speak), and (11) (listen). Some people need (12) (use) two or more senses.

— Get into the habit of (13) (repeat) things aloud.

— Remember (14) (review) frequently. It’s important (15) (go over) information again and again.

— It’s easy (16) (forget) what you don’t want (17) (remember).

— Study immediately before (18) (go) to sleep. In this case you’re likely (19) (memorize) a lot more.

— Never rely on someone else’s memory. Learn (20) (trust) your own.

Согласны ли вы со всеми предложенными рекомендациями? Дополните данный перечень своими собственными советами.

V. Закончите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на употребление неличных форм глагола:

1. I’ll never forget …

2. At the moment I’m considering …

3. We were unhappy with the service they had provided, so we refused …

4. When I was 16, I decided …

5. The company is taking on a lot of new staff and is planning …

6. I enjoy my work, but I wouldn’t mind …

7. The meeting had gone on for two hours already, so we stopped …

8. The conference organisers have invited me …

9. If I moved to another town, I would miss …

10. At present I can’t afford …

11. I am really looking forward to …

12. In a few years time, I hope …

13. I know for sure that we placed an order with them. I remember …

14. Our Sales Director went to Houston …

15. I’m a very organized person. I like …

16. Nelly was getting tired of her job so she decided …

17. I have quite a lot of responsibilities at work. In addition to …

18. We made record profits last year and this will enable us …

19. A lot of business people in our country object to …

20. The managers changed the layout of the department store …

VI. Пожалуйтесь своему собеседнику на рост стоимости жизни, например инфляцию, медицинское обслуживание, налогообложение, кредиты и т. п., используя приведенные ниже слова и словосочетания. Закончите беседу на положительной ноте.

Модальные глаголы

Модальные глаголы не обозначают действия или состояния, а лишь передают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному инфинитивом, например, действие может рассматриваться как возможное, желательное, обязательное и т. п.

Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными, так как у них отсутствует ряд грамматических форм, присущих обычным глаголам:

— Только модальный глагол have toимеет форму настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени (have / has to – had to – will have to). Формы настоящего и прошедшего времени есть у глаголов can, mayи be to(can – could, may – might, am / is / are to – was / were to). Остальные глаголы имеюттолько форму настоящего времени.

— Мо­дальные глаголы не употребляются в формах Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, а также в страдательном за­логе. Они не имеют форм инфинитива, причастия и герундия.

— Модальные глаголы не изменяются по лицам и числам (за исключением модальных глаголов have to,be to).

— Вопросительную и отрицательную форму модальные глаголы образуют без помощи вспомогательных глаголов (кроме модального глагола have to). В вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол занимает место перед подлежащим. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после модального глагола.

CAN

Sure, you can. – Я могу воспользоваться твоим телефоном?

Конечно, можешь.запрет(нейтральный)–SimpleYou cannot see him as he is in a meeting. – Вы не можете встретиться с ним, так как он на собрании.предположение (could)+Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect ContinuousDon’t wait for him. He could be late. – Не жди его. Он, наверное, опоздает. They couldhave arrived already. – Возможно, они уже приехали.сомнение, удивление–?Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect ContinuousShe can’t be talking seriously! – Не может быть, чтобы она говорила серьезно! He could nothave forgotten about the meeting. – Не может быть, чтобы он забыл о встрече. Can they have been negotiating the contract for two hours? – Неужели они обсуждают контракт уже два часа?

Примечания:

ü Способность выполнить какое-либо действие в прошлом выражается при помощи модального глагола could, его эквивалента was / were able to или выражения managed to. При этом глагол could обозначает возможность совершения действия вообще, обычно, постоянно (переводится «(не) умел»), а выражения was / were able to и managed to – возможность выполнить действие в определенной ситуации (переводятся «(не) смог», «(не) сумел»). Например:

After a few months on the training course, I couldspeakJapanese quite well. – После нескольких месяцев учебных курсов я мог говорить по японски довольно хорошо.

After six hours of negotiation, we finally were able to/ managed tomake some progress. – После шестичасовых переговоров мы смогли достичь успеха.

ü В сочетании с глаголами чувственного восприятия и умственной деятельности (see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand и др.) используетсяcan / could, а не эквивалент be able to. Например:

From my hotel room I could see the sea. – Из моего номера в гостинице я мог видеть море.

ü В отрицательных предложениях обычно употребляется форма could(could not). Например:

My secretary phoned the airline but could not getme on the flight. – Мой секретарь позвонил в авиакомпанию, но не смог забронировать билет на рейс.

MAY

MUST

HAVE TO

За модальным глаголом have всегда следует инфинитив смыслового глагола с частицей to. Отрицательная и вопросительная форма модального глагола have toв настоящем и прошедшем времени образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголовdo (does) и did.

BE TO

SHOULD / OUGHT TO

Модальные глаголы shouldи ought to имеют только одну форму, являющуюся формой настоящего времени.

Примечания:

ü Модальный глагол ought to используется для выражения необходимости выполнить действие и отражает общепринятые суждения, моральный долг, обязательства. Например: We ought to protect the environment. – Мы должны охранять окружающую среду.

ü Эквивалентом should и ought toявляется модальный оборот had better (лучше), который выражает совет в конкретной ситуации и содержит предостережение о возможном неприятном последствии, если этому совету не последовать. Had better также употребляется в тех случаях, когда необходимо принять срочные меры. Например: Our licence expires next month. We had better get it renewed. – Срок действия нашей лицензии истекает в следующем месяце. Нам следует её продлить.

NEED

Примечание:

ü Глагол need может употребляться в предложении либо в качестве модального, либо в качестве смыслового глагола. Модальный глаголneed имеет только форму настоящего времени и употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом без частицы to. Смысловой глаголneed сочетается с существительным, местоимением или инфинитивом с частицей to. Его отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола do, does или did. Сравните:

You needn’t hurry. – Вам не нужно торопиться. (модальный глагол)

You do not need to hurry. – Вам не нужно торопиться. (смысловой глагол)

SHALL

WILL

Примечание:

ü Модальный глагол would употребляется для выражения вежливой просьбы или приглашения к действию наравне с will, при этом would придает высказыванию особо вежливый оттенок. Обратите внимание, что в данном значении will и would сочетаются только с местоимением you. Например: Will you call back later, please? – Позвоните позже, пожалуйста. Would you sit down? – Не хотите ли присесть?

I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. (Can / May) I have a look at your passport, sir?

2. It (cannot / may not) be 7 o’clock already!

3. (Could / May) you do me a favour?

Of course, I (may / can).

4. We (can / may) win the election, but I don’t think there’s much chance.

5. She spoke in a very low voice, but I (might / could) understand what she said.

6. The universities (were allowed / were able) to raise the tuition fees.

7. Don’t be angry with her. She (might / can) have done it by mistake.

8. I (was not able / could not) open the drawer in my desk as it was stuck.

9. Analysts say that interest rates (may / can) rise before the end of the year.

10. Mr. Crossby hinted that he (may / might) resign in a couple of months.

11. Hopefully we (will be able / will be allowed) to resolve this issue in the upcoming week.

12. (May / Can) I leave office one hour ahead of schedule today?

Yes, you (may / can).

13. Small retailers (are not able / cannot) to cut their prices as much as their large-scale competitors.

14. Confidential documents (may not / cannot) be photocopied without prior approval.

15. Mr. Bradberry is busy today, but he (will be able / will be allowed) to see you on Friday.

16. I thought I was going to miss the plane but I (could / managed to) get to the airport on time.

17. By examining the balance sheet we (were able to / could) find out that the company was not doing as well as they claimed.

18. They didn’t meet yesterday, so they could not (make / have made) the decision then.

19. The computer system has just crashed. I think we might (lose / have lost) a lot of data.

20. (Can / May) that woman be Mrs. Lauren? She can’t (change / have changed) like that.

II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. You (should / are) always wear your name tag when you’re at work.

2. Risk and return (may / must) always be viewed together.

3. You (had better / must) not sign the document until you have read it through.

4. I think you (should / must) have apologized for what you said.

5. We (are to / have to) receive a pay rise in line with inflation in May.

6. No one is answering the phone. They (could / must) have gone out.

7. You (must / should) never badmouth your previous employers.

8. If you were injured at work, you (are to / have to) inform your employer.

9. You (must / may) provide proper identification in order to cash a cheque.

10. This information (should / must) have been given to the tax authorities long ago.

11. I needn’t (be / have been) so loyal to them. I was disappointed after all!

12. When the fire alarm sounds, you (must / should) act immediately to ensure your safety.

13. During an interview, you (may / must) be asked to describe how you dealt with a difficult situation.

14. It’s absolutely necessary, we (should / must) consult more closely with the unions.

15. I (needn’t / didn’t have to) go to work on Monday as it was my day off.

16. Subordinates (must / should) obey their superiors and inform them of non-executed orders.

17. In a democracy, public leaders and civil servants (have / must) be accountable to the people they serve.

18. You (should / need) take into consideration the fact that this model is the latest word in electronic industry.

19. I (am / must) do my best to fulfil my responsibilities to my employer, my community and society.

20. There (should / had better) be a more frequent rotation of employees, especially at the top of the hierarchy.

III. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. … you explain the gap in your employment history, please?

2. Traveller’s cheques … be exchanged at most banksfor a small charge.

3. An effective manager … keep the staff motivated, especially when things look black.

b. must d. has to

4. Almost any part of a contract … become a point of negotiation.

5. I can work from home so I … to go to the office very often.

a. needn’t c. oughtn’t

b. mustn’t d. don’t have

6. If you … to succeed you must be realistic and assess both your strengths and weaknesses.

7. Those who … manage their time efficiently always have high stress levels.

a. may not c. must not

b. cannot d. need not

8. The supplier … deliver the goods on or by the date specified in the contract.

b. has to d. should

9. When the delegation arrived I was the only employee in the office, so I … show the visitors around.

a. had to c. must

b. should d. might

10. I … have phoned the sales engineer at 11 sharp but it totally slipped my mind.

a. could c. should

b. might d. was to

11. … we move on to the next point on the agenda now?

b. Shall d. Would

12. He sold his shares at their peak, so he … have madea lot of money.

13. We … wear a uniform at work because the company wants all staffers to be dressed the same.

a. have to c. may

b. must d. should

14. The boss has left instructions that he … be disturbed.

a. oughtn’t c. may not

b. is not to d. couldn’t

15. The certificate of registration … be valid for the current calendar year.

a. would c. shall

b. need d. has to

16. Our previous chairman … always begin the annual general meeting with a joke.

a. could c. would

b. should d. will

17. I am going to a job interview tomorrow. I … prepare all the necessary documents right now.

a. had better c. may

18. The President of the country … to be the commander-in-chief of the army.

19. He tried to persuade me, but I … listen to him.

a. oughtn’t c. couldn’t

b. shouldn’t d. wouldn’t

20. For safety reasons, unauthorized personnel … be allowed access to the construction site.

a. cannot c. should not

b. must not d. needn’t

IV. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами:

1. … I phone for a taxi for you? (предложение)

2. You … have warned me beforehand what to expect of him! (упрек)

3. … you help me with these figures, please? (вежливая просьба)

4. … he be still working out the business plan? (удивление)

5. My assistant … book my flights. He says it isn’t in his job description. (отказ)

6. As the payment wasn’t made in due time, they … to cancel the agreement. (необходимость в силу обстоятельств)

7. When you retire early, you … receive a compensating payment from your employer. (предположение, неуверенность)

8. Today we … to interview all applicants for this position. (необходимость по договоренности)

9. Any decisions … be consistent with the company’s overall policy. (долженствование)

10. A firm is said to be insolvent when it … fulfil its commitments. (отсутствие способности)

11. If you don’t sign the new contract, we will … to move you to another post. (необходимость в силу обстоятельств)

12. The company … be forced to make a number of employees redundant in the coming months. (предположение, неуверенность)

13. Managers …strive for two-way communication with their subordinates. (совет)

14. Before Mr. Wellington, our bookkeeper, became a CPA, he … to meet a number of requirements. (необходимость в силу обстоятельств)

15. Mr. Brook … to preside over the shareholders’ meeting yesterday. (запланированное действие)

16. How did they manage to do well last month? – They … have increased productivity. (предположение, вероятность)

17. I … go to the bank yesterday as I had enough money on me. (отсутствие необходимости)

18. By using the multimedia projector the speaker … to communicate the information quite clearly. (возможность в определенной ситуации)

19. If a country has a floating currency, importers … keep changing the prices of their goods. (предположение, неуверенность)

20. The associate director … to have conducted the negotiations with the sales agents but he didn’t. (запланированное, но несостоявшееся действие)

V. Переведите на русский язык высказывания известных людей. Обратите внимание на употребление модальных глаголов:

1. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Eleanor Roosevelt

2. If you tell the truth, you don’t have to remember anything. Mark Twain

3. It is never too late to be who you might have been. George Eliot

4. If you can find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn’t lead anywhere. Frank Clark

5. A man must be master of his hours and days, not their servant. William Frederick Book

6. Life is like riding a bicycle – in order to keep your balance, you must keep moving. Albert Einstein

7. There is no man living that cannot do more than he thinks he can. Henry Ford

8. When you get to the top of a mountain, you should keep climbing. Zen saying

9. To be successful, you have to have your heart in your business, and your business in your heart. Thomas Watson

10. If one cannot invent a really convincing lie, it is often better to stick to the truth. Angela Thirkell

11. I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work. Thomas A. Edison

12. If you don’t know where you’re going, you might never get there. Yogi Berra

13. Wise men speak because they have something to say; fools because they have to say something. Plato

14. If you don’t like something change it; if you can’t change it, change the way you think about it. Mary Engelbreit

15. Here is my principle: Taxes shall be levied according to ability to pay. That is the only American principle. Franklin D. Roosevelt

16. I have never met a man so ignorant that I couldn’t learn something from him. Galileo Galilei

17. A pessimist can see the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist can see the opportunity in every difficulty. Winston Churchill

18. Gossip needn’t be false to be evil – there’s a lot of truth that shouldn’t be passed around. Frank Clark

19. You must learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t possibly live long enough to make them all yourself. Samuel Levenson

20. It’s a teacher who can open the door, but it’s a pupil who must enter it. Confucius

VI. Представьте, что ваш друг собирается устроиться на работу в вашей компании. Расскажите ему, что принято и что запрещено в вашем коллективе, дайте несколько советов о том, как лучше выглядеть, как вести себя на собеседовании и т.д.

Структура предложения

Организация стока поверхностных вод: Наибольшее количество влаги на земном шаре испаряется с поверхности морей и океанов (88‰).

Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.