How to install apt get

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Пакетные менеджеры apt и apt-get

На этом уроке рассмотрим пакетные менеджеры apt и apt-get. Которые используются для работы с пакетами приложений в Linux.

Пакетные менеджеры apt

На этом уроке мы рассмотрим следующие пакетные менеджеры:

Работа с пакетами это административное действие, поэтому вам придётся работать под пользователем root или использовать sudo. Я в примерах буду использовать sudo. Примеры одинаково выполняются и в Debian и в Ubuntu.

Все рассматриваемые команды имеют под-команды, и в зависимости от под-команды могут иметь различные опции. Например переустановка приложения:

Обновление системы

Обновление кэша пакетов

В Debian и Ubuntu прежде чем обновлять систему, нужно выяснить, какие обновления доступны в репозиториях. Это так называемое обновление кэша пакетов. Выполняется оно с помощью команды apt-get update или apt update. Пример:

При этом команда apt update дополнительно покажет количество пакетов, которые можно обновить и команду с помощью которой можно посмотреть список таких пакетов.

Получаем список возможных обновлений

Если есть пакеты, которые можно обновить, то мы можем посмотреть их с помощью команды apt list –upgradable, а опция -a выводит больше информации. С помощью apt-get это проделать невозможно.

Обновление системы (без возможности удаления пакетов)

Перед обновлением расскажу про зависимости пакетов. Работа некоторых приложений зависит от других приложений или библиотек. Поэтому почти каждый пакет имеет список зависимостей других пакетов. Обычно вручную с зависимостями не работают. Просто пакетные менеджеры (apt или apt-get) при установке определённого пакета также устанавливают пакеты от которых зависит этот пакет.

Точно также и при обновлении. Если приложение после обновления начало зависеть от других библиотек, то их тоже нужно установить или обновить.

Но бывает ситуация когда некоторые пакеты не совместимы. Например, чтобы обновить пакет требуется установить новые пакеты, но они несовместимы с теми, которые уже установлены. Тут есть два варианта, либо удалить установленные пакеты и выполнить обновление системы, либо не удалять пакеты и прервать обновление.

Без возможности удаления пакетов вы можете выполнить обновление с помощью команд apt-get upgrade и apt upgrade. Например:

Обновление системы (с возможностью удаления пакетов)

Если вы все-таки хотите обновить пакеты и вас не пугает удаление некоторых пакетов, то выполните следующие команды: apt-get dist-upgrade или apt dist-upgrade. Но это более рискованно, так что обратите особое внимание на то, какие пакеты будут удалены. Ведь удаление некоторых пакетов может просто сломать вашу систему. Пример:

Получение информации о пакетах из репозиториев

Список пакетов в репозиториях

Чтобы получить список пакетов в репозиториях можно выполнить apt list. Так как это не административное действие, то можно не использовать sudo. Например:

Кстати, утилита apt-get это выполнить не может.

Поиск пакета по ключевому слову

Пример (так как вывод может быть большим, то я использую less):

Смотрим информацию о пакете

Пример (так как вывод может быть большим, то я использую less):

Поиск зависимостей

Работа с отдельными пакетами

Установка пакета

Удаление пакета без удаления конфигов

Удаление пакета вместе с конфигами

Переустановка пакета

Обновление отдельного приложения

Скачивание пакета без установки

При этом зависимости скачиваться не будут.

Заморозка пакета

К сожалению с помощью apt это проделать невозможно.

Исправление проблем с пакетами

Исправление ошибок с зависимостями

Только внимательно смотрите на список удаляемых пакетов!

Очистка системы от ненужных пакетов

Удаление ненужных пакетов

Когда мы устанавливаем пакет то устанавливаются и его зависимости. А при удалении пакета зависимости остаются и больше не используются. Чтобы удалить подобные пакеты, которые установились, но больше не нужны в системе применяются команды apt-get autoremove или apt autoremove. Например:

Очистка кэша

При установке какого-нибудь пакета, он вначале скачивается в каталог /var/cache/apt/archives/, а затем устанавливается в систему. Эти установочные файлы тоже можно удалять, освобождая место на диске. Для этого используйте команды apt-get clean или apt clean, например

Мягкая очистка кэша

Помимо clean есть более мягкая команда autoclean. Она удалит только те скаченные пакеты, у которых версия ниже чем в репозитории, остальные пакеты не удалятся:

Посмотрим на корову 🙂

А еще с помощью apt-get и apt мы можем посмотреть на корову:

Мы узнали множество команд с помощью которых можем устанавливать и удалять пакеты в систему, а также обновлять её. И проделывать другие вещи.

А также мы узнали что перед установкой deb пакеты скачиваются в каталог /var/cache/apt/archives/. И у пакетов есть зависимости, которые apt или apt-get определяет и автоматически устанавливает.

Using apt-get Commands In Linux [Complete Beginners Guide]

Brief: This beginner’s guide shows you what you can do with apt-get commands in Linux, how to use them to find new packages, install and upgrade new packages, and clean your system.

If you have started using Ubuntu or any Ubuntu-based Linux distribution, such as Linux Mint, elementary OS, etc., you must have come across the apt-get command by now.

In fact, first in the list of things to do after installing Ubuntu is to use apt-get update and apt-get upgrade. Now, you might be aware of a few apt-get commands and their usage, but you might not be aware of some others.

In this guide for beginners, I am going to explain various of apt-get commands with examples so that you can use them as well as an expert Linux user.

Download apt-get command cheatsheet for future reference. You can print it or save it for offline viewing.

What is apt-get?

Ubuntu is derived from Debian Linux. Debian uses the dpkg packaging system. A packaging system is a way to provide programs and applications for installation. This way, you don’t have to build a program from the source code.

APT (Advanced Package Tool) is the command-line tool to interact with this packaging system. There are already dpkg commands to manage it, but apt is a more user-friendly way to handle packages. You can use it to find and install new packages, upgrade packages, clean your packages, etc.

There are two main tools around APT: apt-get and apt-cache. apt-get is for installing, upgrading, and cleaning packages, while apt-cache command is used for finding new packages. We’ll see all of these commands with examples later in this guide.

There is also a newer apt command on the scene which is a simpler version of apt-get. Read this article to know more details about apt and apt-get commands.

I am using Linux Mint in this tutorial, but you can use any other Ubuntu-based Linux distribution, such as elementary OS, Linux Lite, etc.

Using apt-get commands

Let’s start with apt-get commands. You just cannot escape this command. It’s better to have an understanding of it so that you can handle your Linux system in a slightly better way.

Update the package database with apt-get

apt-get basically works on a database of available packages. If you don’t update this database, the system won’t know if there are newer packages available or not. In fact, this is the first command you need to run on any Debian-based Linux system after a fresh install.

Updating the package database requires superuser privileges, so you’ll need to use sudo.

When you run this command, you’ll see the information being retrieved from various servers.

You’ll see three types of lines here: hit, get, and ign. Let me explain them to you:

Upgrade installed packages with apt-get

Once you have updated the package database, you can upgrade the installed packages. The most convenient way is to upgrade all the packages that have updates available. You can use the command below for this purpose:

To upgrade only a specific program, use the command below:

There is another way to perform a complete upgrade, by using the command below:

But you should avoid using this command. I’ll explain why in the next section.

Difference between upgrade and dist-upgrade

The command apt-get upgrade is very obedient. It never tries to remove any packages or tries to install a new package on its own.

The command apt-get dist-upgrade, on the other hand, is proactive. It looks for dependencies with the newer version of the package being installed and it tries to install new packages or remove an existing ones on its own.

It sounds like dist-upgrade is more powerful and intelligent, doesn’t it? But there is a risk with it.

See, it has a “smart” conflict resolution system. It will attempt to upgrade the most important packages, at the expense of the less important ones. This may lead to the removal of some packages, which you might not want. This is the main reason why dist-upgrade should be avoided on production machines.

What is the difference between apt-get update and apt-get upgrade?

This is a very common confusion. You are not the only one to be confused by the terms update and upgrade.

Though it sounds like apt-get update should update the packages, that’s not true. apt-get update only updates the database of available packages. For example, if you have XYX package version 1.3 installed, after apt-get update, the database will be reflect that the newer version 1.4 is available.

When you do an apt-get upgrade after apt-get update, it upgrades the installed packages to the newer version.

This is the reason why the fastest and the most convenient way to update Ubuntu is to use this command:

Using apt-cache commands to search for packages

I’ll be honest with you, this is not my preferred way of searching for packages. But this comes in pretty handy when you are looking for some specific library.

All you need to do is to use the following command (you don’t even need sudo here):

You don’t need to know the exact name of the package. It searches in package names and their short descriptions, and shows result based on that.

If you just want to search the apt packages with specific package names, you can use the command below:

This gives you the list of all the packages starting with your search term.

Once you know the exact package name, you can get more information about it, such as version, dependencies, etc., by using the command below:

How to install new packages with apt-get

If you know the name of the package, you can easily install it using the command below:

Just replace the

with your desired package. Suppose I wanted to install the Pinta image editor. All I’d need to do is use the command below:

The good thing about this command is that it has auto-completion. So if you are not sure about the exact package name, you can type a few letters and press the tab, and it will suggest all the packages available with those letters. For example:

How to install multiple packages

You are not restricted to installing just one package at a time. You can install several packages at a time by providing their names:

What if you run install on an already installed package?

Suppose you already have a package installed, but you used the install command for it anyway. apt-get will actually look into the database, and if a newer version is available, it will upgrade the installed package to the newer one. So no harm is done by using this command — unless you don’t want the package to be upgraded.

How to install packages without upgrading

Suppose for some reason you want to install a package but don’t want to upgrade it if it is already installed. It sounds weird, but you may have reasons to do that.

For that case, you can use the no-upgrade flag in the following manner:

How to only upgrade a package, not install it

In case you want to upgrade a package provided it’s already installed, but don’t want to install it if it’s not, you can do that with the following command:

How to install a specific version of an application

By default, the latest version available in the repository will be installed for any application. But if, for some reason, you don’t want to install the latest version, you can specify the package version number. (You would need to know the exact version number that you wanted to install).

All you need to do is to add the version number to the name of the package:

How to remove installed packages with apt-get

Installing packages isn’t the only thing you can do with apt-get. You can also remove packages with it. All you need to do is to use the command in this manner:

Auto-completion works here as well. So just start typing package name and press tab, and it will suggest all the installed packages starting with those letters.

Another way of uninstalling packages is to use purge. The command is used in the following manner:

What is the difference between apt-get remove and apt-get purge?

So if you have “removed” a particular piece of software and then install it again, your system will have the same configuration files. Of course, you will be asked to override the existing configuration files when you install it again.

Purge is particularly useful when you have messed up with the configuration of a program, when you want to completely erase its traces from the system and start afresh.

Most of the time, a simple remove is more than enough for uninstalling a package.

How to clean your system with apt-get

Oh yes! You can also clean your system with apt-get and free up some disk space.

You can use the command below to clear apt cache (locally saved retrieved package files):

Another way is to use autoclean. Unlike the above clean command, autoclean only removes those retrieved package files that have a newer version now, and so won’t be used anymore.

Another way to free up disk space is to use autoremove. It removes libraries and packages that were installed automatically to satisfy the dependencies of another installed package. If that package is removed, these automatically installed packages are useless in the system. This command removes such packages.

This is a command-line way of cleaning a Linux system. If you prefer a GUI, here are some CCleaner alternatives for Linux which you can use on Ubuntu and Ubuntu-based Linux distributions.

Your input

There is more to apt-get, but this much should give you a pretty good start. You can always look up the man pages to get more information.

How do you like this guide to apt-get commands in Linux? Was it helpful to you and clear enough to understand? Your feedback will help in creating more such guides in the near future.

Creator of It’s FOSS. An ardent Linux user & open source promoter. Huge fan of classic detective mysteries ranging from Agatha Christie and Sherlock Holmes to Detective Columbo & Ellery Queen. Also a movie buff with a soft corner for film noir.

Ubuntu Documentation

Introduction

This page describes how to handle the packages on your system using apt-get and related commands. For example, you can install a new package, remove an installed package, or update all installed packages to the latest versions.

Commands

Example:

Installation commands

This command searches the repositories and installs the build dependencies for

. If the package is not in the repositories it will return an error.

» will simulate installing the package, showing you what packages will be installed and configured.

auto-apt

You’re compiling a program and, all of a sudden, there’s an error because it needs a file you don’t have. The program auto-apt asks you to install packages if they’re needed, stopping the relevant process and continuing once the package is installed. It will then ask to install the needed packages and call apt-get automatically. If you’re running X, a graphical interface will replace the default text interface.

Maintenance commands

This command does the same thing as Edit->Fix Broken Packages in Synaptic. Do this if you get complaints about packages with «unmet dependencies».

The same as above, except it removes all packages from the package cache. This may not be desirable if you have a slow Internet connection, since it will cause you to redownload any packages you need to install a program.

For example: will present you with a «wizard» on configuring fonts in Ubuntu.

This command places the desired package on hold. TODO: Bug #42178: This is the same as Synaptic’s Package->Lock Version. */

Removal commands

While there is no built in way to remove all of your configuration information from your removed packages you can remove all configuration data from every removed package with the following command.

Search commands

This command shows the description of package

This command will list files in package

This command determines which installed package owns

. It shows files from installed packages that match

, with the name of the package they came from. Consider this to be a «reverse lookup» utility.

This command does the same as dlocate, but does not require the installation of any additional packages. It is slower than dlocate but has the advantage of being installed by default on all Debian and Ubuntu systems.

apt-file needs to be updated regularly like apt-get. Use the command:

A general note on searching: If searching generates a list that is too long, you can filter your results by piping them through the command grep. Examples:

For more information on apt-get, apt-cache and dpkg consult their manual pages by using the man command. These manuals will provide a wider scope of information in addition to all of the options that you can use with each program.

Typical usage example

I want to feel the wind in my hair, I want the adrenaline of speed. So let’s install a racing game. But what racing games are available?

It gives me a lot of answers. I see a game named «torcs». Let’s get some more information on this game.

Hmmm. it seems interesting. But is this game not already installed on my computer? And what is the available version? Which repository is it from (Universe or Main)?

Ok, so now, let’s install it!

What is the command I must type in the console to launch this game? In this example, it’s straightforward («torcs»), but that’s not always the case. One way of finding the name of the binary is to look at what files the package has installed in «/usr/bin». For games, the binary will be in «/usr/games». For administrative programs, it’s in «/usr/sbin».

The first part of the command display all files installed by the package «torcs» (try it). With the second part, we ask to only display lines containing «/usr/games/».

Hmmm, that game is cool. Maybe there are some extra tracks?

But I’m running out of space. I will delete the apt cache!

Oh no, my mother asked me to remove all games from this computer. But I want to keep the configuration files so I can simply re-install it later.

If I want to also remove config files :

Setting up apt-get to use a http-proxy

These are three methods of using apt-get with a http-proxy.

Temporary proxy session

This is a temporary method that you can manually use each time you want to use apt-get through a http-proxy. This method is useful if you only want to temporarily use a http-proxy.

Enter this line in the terminal prior to using apt-get (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress and proxyport).

If you normally use sudo to run apt-get you will need to login as root first for this to work unless you also add some explicit environment settings to /etc/sudoers, e.g.

APT configuration file method

This method uses the apt.conf file which is found in your /etc/apt/ directory. This method is useful if you only want apt-get (and not other applications) to use a http-proxy permanently.

Add this line to your /etc/apt/apt.conf file (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress and proxyport).

Save the apt.conf file.

BASH rc method

Add these lines to the bottom of your

/.bashrc file (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress and proxyport)

Save the file. Close your terminal window and then open another terminal window or source the

Test your proxy with sudo apt-get update and whatever networking tool you desire. You can use firestarter or conky to see active connections.

If you make a mistake and go back to edit the file again, you can close the terminal and reopen it or you can source

/.bashrc as shown above.

How to login a proxy user

If you need to login to the Proxy server this can be achieved in most cases by using the following layout in specifying the proxy address in http-proxy. (substitute your details for username, password, yourproxyaddress and proxyport)

Пакетный менеджер APT

Содержание

Advanced Packaging Tool – набор утилит для управления программными пакетами в операционных системах основанных на Debian. APT предоставляет дружественную надстройку над DPKG и позволяет:

APT является одной из базовых программ и включена в состав Ubuntu.

Настройки

Все файлы настроек APT хранятся в директории /etc/apt.

apt.conf

/etc/apt/apt.conf – основной файл настроек, используемый всеми инструментами из состава APT. Описание всех возможных настроек и опций можно прочитать в документации к нему:

apt.conf.d

Директория содержащая в себе файлы конфигурации, аналогичные по синтаксису apt.conf. При помощи этой директории можно быстро и удобно манипулировать настройками APT добавляя или удаляя подготовленные файлы с настройками.

auth.conf

Файл, содержащий ключи, для авторизации в репозиториях. Например, туда добавляются логины и пароли от репозиториев к купленным в Центре приложений программам.

sources.list

sources.list.d

Директория с файлами репозиторий, по назначению аналогичных sources.list. Каждый репозиторий описывается в отдельном файле.

Использование

В APT входит несколько утилит, выполняющих отдельные задачи.

apt-get

apt-get это утилита управления пакетами. apt-get требует прав суперпользователя для своей работы.

Починка базы пакетов

apt-get также используется для устранения сбоев в базе пакетов вызванных нарушенными зависимостями. Разрешение зависимостей производится командой:

apt-cache

apt-cache – утилита, позволяющая выполнять запросы к кешу APT.

apt-key

apt-key служит для добавления ключей от репозиториев в систему. Ключи защищают репозитории от возможности подделки пакета. Подробнее смотрите в статье Репозитории.

The Ultimate Guide to Apt and Apt-Get Commands

No more confusing when to use APT-GET or APT.

For many people coming for the first time into Debian-based Linux distros, package management may seem convoluted. Some tutorials tell you to use “apt,” others “apt-get,” and some really old or specific ones use “aptitude.” It’s high time to get down to the absolute minutiae and explain the “why, where, what, and how” of the strange and somewhat divided world in this little corner of the Linux universe.

Content

Clearing the Apt Confusion

What’s Aptitude?

Aptitude is the nerve center for the APT, acting as a front-end that you can use if you want to have a detailed look at all the packages that your distro offers in its repositories and those that you’ve added. It’s also one of the few old-school clickable GUIs that run directly inside the terminal.

What Is APT?

Known as the Advanced Packaging Tool, APT is Debian’s solution to mainstreaming the process of removing, installing, searching for, and managing the various applications you install in the operating system. Every distro based on it uses APT, though not all applications of APT are equal. We’ll get to this in a bit.

For now, it’s important to note that APT as a package manager is not the apt command. It instead encompasses a variety of APT-related commands like apt-get, apt-mark, and apt-cache.

What Distros Use APT?

If your distro is described as “Debian-based,” it uses the APT tool in one way or another. This includes but isn’t limited to:

There are many, many more distributions based on Debian, so if you’re using something that isn’t listed here, check whether the apt-get command works by simply typing it in your terminal. If your terminal returns to you with a confused message about the command not existing, then you’re definitely not on anything touched by Debian.

Apt-get vs. Apt

In many tutorials online involving the installation of a package, you’ll see apt-get and apt being used interchangeably as commands on any Debian-based system. When it comes to installing and removing stuff, there is indeed no difference which command you use. Just don’t confuse this for the two being versions of each other.

What if all three of these commands’ most useful functions for day-to-day life were unified?

This is exactly what the apt command does by itself. These three letters, when typed into your terminal, act as a “wrapper” for the APT ecosystem, simplifying the process for people who spend much of their time scribbling at their terminals.

A Word on APT Flags

If you paid close attention to the images showing the outputs of both search commands, they show slightly different information. That’s because the apt command grabs information about the status of the application in your system in addition to whatever apt-cache search puts out.

Here’s a list of flags you’ll see in your terminal and what they mean:

Not All Apts Are Equal!

Before going any further into the topic of package management, it’s extremely important to note that the apt command may have more available arguments in one distro than it does in another. For example, Ubuntu’s lacks “hold” while Mint has it.

To fully take in what I’m saying here, we need to have a look at the Ubuntu and Mint listings for what arguments you can pass in apt and see the sheer chasm between the two.

This one is Ubuntu on my newly minted (pun intended) test-bed for tutorials.

And here is Linux Mint.

By far, Mint has the most fleshed-out wrapper of all Debian-based distributions I’ve seen up until now. This isn’t surprising when you realize it was tailor-made by the community that maintains Mint to cater both to starters who just want to install their apps in peace with a short command and to the turbo-geeks who want to tune everything just the way they want with millimeter precision.

The Ultimate Guide to APT Commands

There’s no better way to understand the power of the APT package system than sinking your teeth into some important commands. The list will consist of APT commands followed by the apt simplification, where it’s applicable, in parentheses. If the simplification does not work in your particular distro, it’s either because yours hasn’t included it for some reason or you’re not running Mint’s behemoth of a wrapper. In that case, you can safely fall back on the vanilla command without losing too much.

Example: sudo apt autoremove && sudo apt clean will hoover all the cobwebs from your main drive in one single line in your terminal.

Example: apt-get changelog brave-browser will tell me what the latest version of the Brave browser includes compared to its last revision.

The Dreaded “apt-get command not found” Issue

If you can’t install anything on your terminal because APT just went poof and disappeared, this isn’t the end of the world. With a little bit of elbow grease, you’ll have your favorite package manager up and running.

First of all, if this is a new system, just double-check that it’s supposed to be using APT as a package manager. Fedora uses DNF/yum, Arch uses Pacman, Solus uses EOPKG, openSUSE uses zypper, Mandriva uses urpmi, and you can find a whole bunch of others in this handy cheat sheet. Just type those letters in a terminal to be absolutely sure.

Once we’re sure you’re in a Debian-based system and APT is indeed missing, it’s time to move on to the next step.

To walk you through this with a little extra stake in the matter, I will now cripple my Ubuntu system and will not allow myself the easy escape of reinstalling the OS!

The result is now either a “command not found” error or an inability to process the command.

Now it’s time to go and find the APT package appropriate for our system and install it. Since we don’t have APT to work with, we can’t automatically download the dependencies either.

In my case, upon attempting to install the latest version of APT, the dependencies were all there but were not recent enough.

Instead of version 2.3.11, I chose to go for version 2.0.6, which is what is installed in Mint at the time of writing.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Are there unsafe APT commands?

Generally, if you type anything APT-related in your terminal, you should be aware of what that command is about to do. Before major updates, especially those where you install a new kernel, make a full backup of your system just to be safe.

2. Is Apt better than Apt-get?

However, if you’re not on Mint with its gargantuan argument list for apt that almost entirely renders apt-get superfluous, you might feel good about having something more old-school to fall back on.

3. What’s the difference between a repository and an app store?

To the day-to-day user, the differences aren’t staggering at all. In fact, they can be extraordinarily comparable. Where they begin to part ways is in software “fungibility.” Linux has a very fluid software market where users are presented with a sometimes-overwhelming amount of choice. Smartphone app stores are pretty much set in stone, and it’s hard to imagine users seeking alternatives.

At the same time, in theory, the personal package archives (PPAs) that people enjoy using in Ubuntu can be compromised and lead to the proliferation of malicious software by bad actors.

If there’s one thing to take away from this, it’s that decentralization comes with some responsibility on the part of the user. Make sure that the repositories you add to your distro are from sources you can trust and projects that have stood for a long time.

Conclusion

Hopefully, by this point you’ve been able to observe just how much power is afforded to you when you understand just what APT’s full suite of commands and tools can offer. It’s more than just a way to add and remove software from your computer; it’s a full complex framework that allows you to discover and make more informed choices about what you put there.

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