Something that is made in an original way is

Synonyms

change

to become different, or to make someone or something different

make into

to change someone or something so that they become something else

convert

to change from one system, use, or method to another, or to make something do this

transform

to make someone or something completely different, usually in a way that makes them more attractive, easier to use etc

modify

to change something slightly, especially in order to improve it or to make it less extreme

turn into

to make someone or something change or develop into something different

alter

to make something or someone different

adapt

to change something to make it more suitable for a new use or situation

reverse

to change the order or development of events, a process, or a situation to be the opposite of what it was

revise

to change the way that you do something

adjust

bring someone/something into line

to make someone/something similar to another person or thing

countervail

customise

customize

to change the way something looks or works so that it is exactly what you want or need

deradicalize

to cause someone with extreme views to become more moderate

disguise

to make something look, sound, or seem like something else

distort

to change something such as information so that it is no longer true or accurate

distort

to change the way that something looks, sounds, or behaves so that it becomes strange or difficult to recognize

doctor

to change something, especially facts or numbers, in order to make people believe something that is not true

do to

to make changes in something

fine-tune

to make small changes to something in order to make it as good or as effective as possible

fudge

to change the details of something, or to leave out information

get back

to make something return to the state or condition it was in before

individuate

very formal to make someone or something different from all others

juggle

to change the way that things are done, in order to achieve what you want

key to

to change something so that it is suitable for a particular purpose

make your/a mark (on something)

to change something, or to do something important, so that people notice and remember you

informal to change the way something looks or works. Mod is short for modify.

modulate

overhaul

pitch

to say, write, or create something so that it will be suitable for people of a particular age, level of ability etc

radicalise

radicalize

to make a person, group, or system more radical

readjust

to make a slight change to something

recast

to change the way that someone or something is or appears to be

reconstitute

to change the form or structure of something

reinvent

to change something that already exists and give it a different form or purpose

rejig

British informal to arrange something so that it is organized in a different way

remodel

to change the structure or appearance of something

remold

remould

to change the form or structure of something such as a system or an idea

reshape

to change the way that something operates or develops

restore

to make someone or something start being in a particular situation again

reverse a trend

to change a trend so that the opposite thing happens

revolutionise

revolutionize

to completely change the way that something is done, thought about, or made

rework

to use something such as a piece of music or writing for another purpose after making changes to it

ring the changes

to make major changes to something

shift

stamp your mark on something

to affect or change something in a way that allows people to recognize your influence

swing the balance

to change or to affect the result of something

switch

to change from one thing to another, or to make something do this

tailor something to/for

touch

to change or influence someone or something in a positive way

touch

to change something in a way that is noticeable

transition

to change from one situation, form, or state to another, or to cause someone or something to do this

translate

to change something into a different form, or to express something in a different way

transmogrify

humorous to change something into something very different, especially in a way that is funny or strange

transmute

formal to change into something completely different, or to make something change in this way

tweak

informal to make small changes in order to improve something

to have the effect of changing something back into its original, usually worse state

Something that is made in an original way is

9 месяцев назад

помогите решить кроссворд на англиском.

Across
2. General customs and beliefs of a group of people at a particular time.
5. A large structure, usually made of stone, which is built to remind people of an event in history or of a famous person.
9. Something that someone says officially, giving information about something.
10. A journey in which you go somewhere, usually for a short time, and come back again.
13. The activity of travelling while carrying your clothes and other things that you need in a backpack.
14. An arrangement in which something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant is kept for you.
15. To make something happen at a later time than originally planned or expected.
17. A building where a large number of interesting and valuable objects, such as works of art or historical items, are kept, studied, and displayed to the public.
19. Friendly, welcoming behaviour towards guests or people you have just met.
20. A way from one place to another.

Down
1. Suitcases and bags that you take with you when you are travelling.
3. A short journey usually made for pleasure, often by a group of people.
4. Things that you own and that can be moved.
6. A large house where people can stay cheaply for a short period of time.
7. Land along the sea; seashore.
8. A holiday during which you travel on a ship or boat.
11. A person who is visiting a place for pleasure and interest, especially when they are on holiday.
12. A very large impressive house, especially one which is the official home of a king, queen, or president.
16. A large boat with sails or a motor, used for racing or pleasure trips.
18. An official document containing your name, photograph, and personal details, which you need to show when you enter or leave a country.

Richard Feynman

Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American physicist. In the International Phonetic Alphabet his surname is rendered [ˈfaɪnmən], the first syllable sounding like «fine». Many of the quotes here were delivered by Feynman orally in lectures or interviews. Published versions of these oral statements are necessarily cleaned up by editors, and different editors might clean up the same statement differently. This accounts for the variations encountered.

Contents

Quotes [ edit ]

Pure mathematics is just such an abstraction from the real world, and pure mathematics does have a special precise language for dealing with its own special and technical subjects. But this precise language is not precise in any sense if you deal with real objects of the world, and it is only pedantic and quite confusing to use it unless there are some special subtleties which have to be carefully distinguished.

You say you are a nameless man. You are not to your wife and to your child. You will not long remain so to your immediate colleagues if you can answer their simple questions when they come into your office. You are not nameless to me. Do not remain nameless to yourself — it is too sad a way to be. Know your place in the world and evaluate yourself fairly, not in terms of the naïve ideals of your own youth, nor in terms of what you erroneously imagine your teacher’s ideals are.

Details that could throw doubt on your interpretation must be given, if you know them. You must do the best you can — if you know anything at all wrong, or possibly wrong — to explain it. If you make a theory, for example, and advertise it, or put it out, then you must also put down all the facts that disagree with it, as well as those that agree with it. There is also a more subtle problem. When you have put a lot of ideas together to make an elaborate theory, you want to make sure, when explaining what it fits, that those things it fits are not just the things that gave you the idea for the theory; but that the finished theory makes something else come out right, in addition.

In summary, the idea is to try to give all of the information to help others to judge the value of your contribution; not just the information that leads to judgement in one particular direction or another.

The question was, how did the rats know, because the corridor was so beautifully built and so uniform, that this was the same door as before? Obviously there was something about the door that was different from the other doors. So he painted the doors very carefully, arranging the textures on the faces of the doors exactly the same. Still the rats could tell. Then he thought maybe they were smelling the food, so he used chemicals to change the smell after each run. Still the rats could tell. Then he realized the rats might be able to tell by seeing the lights and the arrangement in the laboratory like any commonsense person. So he covered the corridor, and still the rats could tell.

He finally found that they could tell by the way the floor sounded when they ran over it. And he could only fix that by putting his corridor in sand. So he covered one after another of all possible clues and finally was able to fool the rats so that they had to learn to go to the third door. If he relaxed any of his conditions, the rats could tell.

Now, from a scientific standpoint, that is an A-number-one experiment. That is the experiment that makes rat-running experiments sensible, because it uncovers the clues that the rat is really using — not what you think it’s using. And that is the experiment that tells exactly what conditions you have to use in order to be careful and control everything in an experiment with rat-running.

I looked into the subsequent history of this research. The next experiment, and the one after that, never referred to Mr. Young. They never used any of his criteria of putting the corridor on sand, or of being very careful. They just went right on running rats in the same old way, and paid no attention to the great discoveries of Mr. Young, and his papers are not referred to, because he didn’t discover anything about rats. In fact, he discovered all the things you have to do to discover something about rats. But not paying attention to experiments like that is a characteristic of cargo cult science.

Know how to solve every problem that has been solved.

So everybody is disagreeing, all around the table. I am surprised and disturbed that Compton doesn’t repeat and emphasize his point. Finally at the end, Tolman, who’s the chairman, would say, «Well, having heard all these arguments, I guess it’s true that Compton’s argument is the best of all, and now we have to go ahead.»

Exam Prep

Preporation for the TOEFL, IELTS, and GMAT

January 2015

What is design

Design is everywhere. It’s what drew you to the last piece of furniture you bought and it’s what made online banking possible.
It’s made London taxi cabs easier to get in and out of and it made Stella McCartney’s name. It’s driving whole business cultures and making sure environments from hospitals to airports are easier to navigate.

The single word ‘design’ encompasses an awful lot, and that’s why the understandable search for a single definition leads to lengthy debate to say the least.

One definition, aired by designer Richard Seymour during the Design Council’s Design in Business Week 2002, is ‘making things better for people’. It emphasises that design activity is focused first and foremost on human behaviour and quality of life, not factors like distributor preferences. But nurses or road sweepers could say they, too, ‘make things better for people’.

Meanwhile, a definition focused on products or 3D realisations of ideas excludes the work of graphic designers, service designers and many other disciplines. There may be no absolute definitions of design that will please everyone, but attempting to find one can at least help us pin down the unique set of skills that designers bring to bear.

Design could be viewed as an activity that translates an idea into a blueprint for something useful, whether it’s a car, a building, a graphic, a service or a process. The important part is the translation of the idea, though design’s ability to spark the idea in the first place shouldn’t be overlooked.

Scientists can invent technologies, manufacturers can make products, engineers can make them function and marketers can sell them, but only designers can combine insight into all these things and turn a concept into something that’s desirable, viable, commercially successful and adds value to people’s lives.

But good design isn’t simply about the surface. Aesthetics are important, but only a part of a bigger picture.

Design is fundamental. People often need reminding that everything around us is designed and that design decisions impact on nearly every part of our lives, be it the environments we work in, the way we book holidays, or the way we go about getting get the lid off the jam jar. When those things work, it’s taken for granted, but, as Bill Moggridge, founder of international consultancy IDEO, says: ‘A lot of trial and error goes into making things look effortless.’

Design and the user

Good design begins with the needs of the user. No design, no matter how beautiful and ingenious, is any good if it doesn’t fulfil a user need. This may sound obvious but many products and services, such as the Sinclair C5, Wap mobile phone services, and a great many dot com businesses failed because the people behind them didn’t grasp this.

Finding out what the customer wants is the first stage of what designers do. The designer then builds on the results of that inquiry with a mixture of creativity and commercial insight.

Any product launch is ultimately a gamble, but these methods help decrease the risk of failure, a fact that often comes as a surprise to clients.

A design doesn’t have to be new, different or impressive to be successful in the marketplace, as long as it’s fulfilling a need, but design methods do lead to innovative products and serivces.

Design and business

Designers, unlike artists, can’t simply follow their creative impulses. They work in a commercial environment which means there is a huge number of considerations that coming to bear on the design process.

Designers have to ask themselves questions such as: is the product they’re creating really wanted? How is it different from everything else on the market? Does it fulfil a need? Will it cost too much to manufacture? Is it safe?

Emphasis on the customer makes design a formidable weapon for any business. Companies have often designed their way out of failure by creating a product that serves the customer’s needs better than its rivals’. Design delivered the operating-system market to Microsoft, rescued Apple Computer and made Sony an electronics giant. A Design Council study has shown that design-led businesses on the FTSE 100 out-performed the index by 25%.

Putting an emphasis on design brings creativity into an organisation and increases the chance of producing market-leading, mould-breaking products. As the sophistication of the consumer and global competition increases, this becomes more and more valuable.
Businesses are finding that they can no longer compete just by slashing prices or upping the marketing budget. Innovation in the form of design is the key to success.

Design and public services

Billions are poured into public services every year but, despite the UK being home to a huge variety of top design talent, our best designers are rarely involved in public sector work.

Design can help public services in a number of ways, from making sure products and services meet the needs of users to increasing innovation within organisations and bringing new perspectives to issues such as procurement.

Posted on Sep. 13th, 2010 at 08:38 am | Link | Leave a comment | Share | Flag

GLOSSARY

accountantnoun [ countable ] a professional person whose job is to keep and check the financial records of an organization, or to advise clients on tax and other financial matters;

accumulateverb 1[ transitive ] to get, earn, or obtain something gradually over a period of time;

2[ intransitive ] to increase or develop gradually over a period of time;

accumulatedadjective [ only before a noun ];

advertisingnoun [ uncountable ] telling people publicly about a product or service in order to persuade them to buy it ;

agreementnoun [ countable ] 1an arrangement or promise to do something, made by two or more people or organizations ;

2 an official document that people sign to show that they have agreed to something;

aggregatenoun [ countable ] 1the total after a lot of different parts or figures have been added together;

2 one of the measurements used when calculating the amount of money in an economy at a particular time;

aggregateadjective [ only before a noun ] total and combined;

allocateverb [ transitive ] to decide officially that a particular amount of money, time etc should be used for a particular purpose;

allocationnoun [ countable, uncountable ] the amount or share of something allocated to a person or organization, or the act of deciding how much of something each person or organization should get;

resource allocation[ countable, uncountable ] the way that the resources of a company, country etc are used for different purposes, and how this is decided;

amountnoun [ countable, uncountable ] a quantity of something;

authoritynoun plural authorities1[ countable ] an official organization which controls a particular activity and checks that the rules and laws relating to it are being obeyed;

local authority[ countable ] a government organization in Britain that is responsible for providing public services such as schools, the collection of rubbish etc in a particular area;

2the authorities[ plural ] the organizations that are in charge of a particular country or area or a particular activity;

3[ uncountable ] the power that a person or organization has because of their official or legal position;

barterverb [ intransitive, transitive ] to exchange goods for other goods or to do work for someone in exchange for work they do for you, rather than using money;

barternoun [ uncountable ] a system of exchanging goods or work for other goods or work, rather than using money;

behaviourBrE , behaviorAmE noun [ uncountable ] also behavioursthe way that someone or something acts in different situations;

consumer behaviourBrE , consumer behaviorAmE [ uncountable ] the study of where and how people buy things, why they choose one thing and not another etc;

benefit 1noun[ countable ] a good effect or advantage that something has, for example a product or service;

2[ countable, uncountable ] BrE money provided by the government to people who are old and no longer work, or to people who are unemployed, ill, or on a low income etc ; =AmE welfare;

3[ countable ] money paid out on certain insurance policies, especially health insurance;

4[ countable ] something, especially money, that an employer gives to workers in addition to their normal pay, to encourage them to work harder or be satisfied where they work;

bondnoun [ countable ] 1an amount of money borrowed by a government or an organization. The government or organization produces a document promising that it will pay back the money that it has borrowed, usually with interest. The document, which can be bought and sold, is also called a bond;

government bonda bond issued by a government;

Treasury bondalso T-bonda bond issued by the US federal government;

breakdown noun 1[ countable ] a statement showing information or a total amount separated into parts so that it is easier to understand;

2[ countable, uncountable ] when something fails or stops working properly, especially because people cannot agree;

capitalnoun [ uncountable ] 1 money or property used to produce wealth;

human capitalpeople and their skills considered as a factor of production(=one of the things an economy or organization must have to create wealth);

2money from shareholders and lenders that can be invested by a business in assets in order to produce profit;

chequeBrE , checkAmE noun [ countable ] 1a printed form that you use to pay for something instead of using money. You write on it the amount in words and numbers, the date, the person being paid, and sign your name;

circulationnoun 1[ uncountable ] the exchange of money within an economy;

2[ uncountable ] if money is in circulation, it is being used by people in an economy. If money is out of circulation, it is not being used;

3[ countable, usually singular ] the average number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold each day, week, or month;

collusionnoun [ uncountable ] when people or businesses share information or secretly make arrangements among themselves to get an unfair advantage;

combineverb [ intransitive, transitive ] join together;

commodity noun plural commodities[ countable ] a product that can be sold to make a profit, especially one in its basic form before it has been used or changed in an industrial process. Examples of commodities are farm products and metals.

company noun plural companies [ countable ] an organization that makes or sells goods or services in order to make profit;

constituent company a company that is one of a group of organizations that have been joined together;

competeverb [ intransitive ] when one company or country competes with another, it tries to get people to buy its goods or services rather than those available from another company or country;

competitionnoun [ uncountable ] 1a situation in which businesses are trying to be more successful than others by selling more goods and services and making more profit;

2the competitionall the businesses that compete with a particular business, seen as a group;

consume verb1[ intransitive, transitive ] to buy and use goods, services, energy, or natural materials;

2[ transitive ] to use money or time that could be used for something else;

consumer noun [ countable ] 1 a person who buys goods, products, and services for their own use, not for business use or to resell;

ultimate consumeralso end consumerthe person who buys and uses a product after it has passed through all the stages of production ; =end-user ; ultimate customer;

2 a person, organization, industry, or country that uses products, services, energy, or natural materials ;

consumptionnoun [ uncountable ] 1 the amount of goods, services, energy, or natural materials used in a particular period of time;

2 the act of buying and using products, services etc;

conspicuous consumptionwhen consumers buy expensive goods to impress people and show how rich they are;

3 the amount spent on goods by consumers in a particular period of time;

domestic consumptionalso home consumptionor internal consumptiongoods and services consumed in the country where they are produced;

costnoun 1[ countable, uncountable ] the amount of money that you have to pay in order to buy, do, or produce something;

opportunity cost [ uncountable ] the real cost of doing something, including the cost of things that you cannot do because of the choice you have made;

currencywritten abbreviation curnoun plural currencies[ countable, uncountable ] the system or type of money used in a particular country;

domestic currencyalso local currency[ countable, uncountable ] the currency of the home country of a particular user ;

floating currency[ countable, uncountable ] a currency whose value is allowed to change in relation to other currencies;

foreign currency[ countable, uncountable ] a currency or currencies not belonging to your own country;

hard currency[ countable, uncountable ] a currency that keeps its value or whose value increases in relation to other currencies, and is used for international payments;

soft currencyalso weak currency[ countable, uncountable ] a currency that regularly loses value in relation to others ;

curvenoun [ countable ] a diagram showing how a price or an amount changes in relation to another price, amount etc;

demand curvehow much of a product or service will be bought at different prices;

debtnoun 1[ countable ] money that one person, organization, country etc owes to another;

2[ uncountable ] the state of owing money;

3[ uncountable ] capital borrowed by a business or government organization on which it pays interest ;

long-term debt[ uncountable ] debt that is to be repaid a long time after the money is borrowed ;

national debt[ uncountable ] money borrowed and still owed by a country;

short-term debt[ uncountable ] debt that is to be repaid a short time after the money is borrowed, usually within one year;

declineverb [ intransitive ] if an industry or country declines, it becomes less profitable, productive, wealthy etc;

2if sales, profits, production etc decline, they become less;

declinenoun [ countable, uncountable ] 1when sales, profits, production etc become less;;

2when an industry or country becomes less profitable, productive, wealthy etc;

decreaseverb [ intransitive, transitive ] to go down to a lower level, or to make something do this ;

decreasingadjective [ only before a noun ];

decreasenoun [ countable, uncountable ] the process of reducing something, or the amount by which it reduces;

deflateverb [ intransitive, transitive ] 1if a government deflates the economy, it reduces the demand for goods and services by raising interest rates and taxes, limiting wage increases, reducing government spending, or a combination of these;

2if the price of something deflates, it goes down;

— compare reflate ;

deflationnoun [ uncountable ] when a government reduces demand for goods and services by raising interest rates and taxes, limiting wage increases, or reducing government spending, or a combination of these;

deflationaryadjective;

— compare disinflation, inflation;

demandnoun [ uncountable ] 1the amount of spending on goods and services by companies and people in a particular economy;

2the total amount of a type of goods or services that people or companies buy in a particular period of time;

3law of demandthe idea that the more something costs, the less demand for it there is;

aggregate demandthe total demand for goods and services in an economy;

consumer demanddemand for goods and services from people rather than businesses;

depositnoun 1[ countable ] an amount of money paid into a bank account or held in a bank account, especially when it is earning interest;

fixed deposit[ countable ] an amount of money held in a bank account and earning a particular rate of interest for a fixed period of time;

2deposits[ plural ] the total amount of money held in bank accounts etc within an economy;

bank deposits[ plural ] the total amount of money that customers have paid into a particular bank or into all banks in a particular area or economy;

3[ countable ] also deposit accounta bank account in which money can be held and will earn interest;

call deposit[ countable ] a type of bank account from which you can take out money immediately without paying a charge and without informing the bank in advance ;

demand deposit[ countable ] another name for a call deposit;

sight deposit[ countable ] another name for a call deposit;

term depositalso time deposit[ countable ] a bank account in which you must leave your money for a minimum period of time and from which you can only take out money after informing the bank in advance;

depositverb [ transitive ] to leave money or other valuable things at a bank;

determineverb [ transitive ] 1to find out the facts about something;

2to make an official decision about something;

3 to decide the exact meaning of the conditions of a contract, for example when there are disagreements about it;

determinationnoun [ uncountable ];

disinflationnoun [ uncountable ] when a government reduces the rate of inflation without also reducing the general level of economic activity or increasing unemployment. This may be done by raising interest rates, controlling the amount of credit available to people, and limiting the availability of goods which are in short supply. Disinflation is a gentle form of deflation;

disinflationaryadjective;

disposalnoun 1 [ uncountable ] when someone gets rid of something they no longer need or want;

2[ countable ] an asset that is sold, and the act of selling it;

disposeverb dispose ofsomething phrasal verb [ transitive ] 1to get rid of something that is no longer needed or wanted;

2 to sell an asset;

distributeverb [ transitive ] 1to make goods available to customers after they have been produced;

2to divide up a company’s profits for a particular period of time and give them to shareholders in the form of dividendsor new shares;

domesticadjective [ only before a noun ] 1relating to the home or the family ;

2relating to the country you live in, rather than abroad;

economic growthan increase in the value of goods and services produced in a country or area;

economicsnoun1[ uncountable ] the study of the way in which wealth is produced and used;

economizealso economiseBrE verb [ intransitive ] to reduce the amount of time, money, goods etc that you use;

economynoun plural economies1[ countable ] the system by which a country’s goods and services are produced and used, or a country considered in this way;

command economyalso controlled economy[ countable ] an economy in which the government of a country owns most of the industry and makes all economic decisions;

— compare market economy;

mixed economy[ countable ]an economy in which some industries are owned by the government and some are owned by private companies;

planned economy[ countable ] another name for command economy;

political economy1[ uncountable ] the study of the way countries organize the production and the use of wealth;

2[ countable, uncountable ] the way an economy is organized in a particular country;

employverb [ transitive ] to pay someone to work for you;

employmentnoun [ uncountable ] 1work that you do to earn money;

2the number of people in an area or a country who have jobs, the types of jobs they have etc;

full employmentwhen almost everyone in an area or country who wants a job has one;

enterprisenoun [ countable ] a company or business;

entrepreneurnoun [ countable ] someone who starts a company, arranges business deals, and takes risks in order to make a profit;

entrepreneurialadjective;

entrepreneurshipnoun [ uncountable ];

exchangenoun 1[ countable ] a market where goods, services, or shares are bought and sold, in return for money;

2[ uncountable ] also foreign exchangethe activity of buying and selling currencies ; =FOREX;

3 [ uncountable ] money in the currency of a foreign country, for example money obtained through exports;

exchangeverb [ transitive ] 1to give someone something and receive something in return;

2if a shop or company exchanges something you have bought, they take it back and give you a new one, for example because the thing you first bought has a fault;

3if you exchange money, you get money in one currency for money in another;

expenditurenoun [ countable, uncountable ] the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time;

extract verb [ transitive ] to remove raw materials, such as gold or oil, from a place, for example the sea or the ground, so that they can be sold or used in an industrial or manufacturing process;

fiscaladjective [ only before a noun ] connected with government taxes, debts, and spending;

forcenoun 1[ countable ] a group of people who have been trained and organized for a particular purpose;

labour forceBrE , labor forceAmE [ countable ] all the people who work for a company or in a country;

2market forces[ plural ] the way that the behaviour of buyers and sellers affects the levels of supply and demandin a particular market, especially when the government does nothing to change this;

goodsnoun [ plural ] things that are produced in order to be used or sold;

capital goodsgoods such as machinery, equipment etc, used by businesses to produce other goods; =INDUSTRIAL GOODS;

consumer goodsgoods bought by people for their own use, rather than by businesses and organizations;

consumption goodsanother name for consumer goods;

finished goodsgoods that have been made completely and are ready to be sold;

luxury goodsexpensive goods bought for comfort and pleasure, not as a basic need;

gross domestic productabbreviation GDPnoun [ singular, uncountable ] the total value of goods and services produced in a country’s economy, not including income from abroad;

per capita gross domestic productthe gross domestic product of a country divided by the number of people living there;

gross national productabbreviation GNPnoun [ singular, uncountable ] the total value of goods and services produced in a country’s economy, including income from abroad;

per capita gross national productthe gross national product of a country divided by the number of people living there;

growthnoun [ uncountable ] an increase in size, amount, or degree;

increaseverb 1[ intransitive ] to become larger in amount, number, or degree;

2[ transitive ] to make something larger in amount, number, or degree;

increasingadjective [ only before a noun ];

increase2noun [ countable, uncountable ] a rise in amount, number, or degree;

inflateverb [ intransitive, transitive ] if the cost or level of something inflates or is inflated, it increases, often above what is reasonable or normal;

inflationnoun [ uncountable ] a continuing increase in the prices of goods and services, or the rate at which prices increase;

health care noun [ uncountable ] the activity of looking after people’s health, considered as an industry;

hireverb [ transitive ] 1to employ a person or an organization for a short time to do a particular job for you;

2to agree to give someone a permanent job;

household1 adjective connected with looking after a house and the people in it;

household2noun [ countable ] all the people who live together in one house;

incomenoun 1[ countable, uncountable ] money that you earn from your job or that you receive from investments;

national income[ countable, uncountable ] the value of all the goods and services sold in a country in a particular period of time, usually a year;

per-capita income[ countable, uncountable ] the income of a country, its GDPdivided by the number of people living there. This shows how rich or poor the people are on average;

inflationnoun [ uncountable ] a continuing increase in the prices of goods and services, or the rate at which prices increase;

input nounalso factor input[ countable usually plural, uncountable ] something or someone that is involved or used in a business;

insurancenoun 1[ countable, uncountable ] an arrangement in which a company collects premiums(= regular payments ) from a person or organization and in return agrees to pay them a sum of money if they are involved in an accident, have something stolen, or cause harm or injury to others;

intangible adjective used to describe something that has value but does not exist physically;

interest noun 1[ uncountable ] an amount paid by a borrower to a lender, for example to a bank by someone borrowing money for a loan or by a bank to a depositor(= someone keeping money in an account there );

interest rate noun [ countable ] the percentage rate used for calculating interest over a particular period of time, usually one year ;

industrynoun plural industries1[ uncountable ] the production of raw materials(=basic materials used in manufacturing) and of goods;

2[ uncountable ] the people and organizations that work in industry;

3 [ countable ] business that produce a particular type of thing or provide a particular service;

capital-intensive industry[ countable ] an industry which needs a lot of money for equipment, machinery etc;

labour-intensive industryBrE , labor-intensive industryAmE [ countable ]

an industry needing a lot of people to operate, usually manual workers;

investverb [ intransitive, transitive ] 1to buy shares, bonds, property etc in order to make a profit;

2to save money in a high interest bank account or to buy an insurance policy that pays bonuses;

3to spend money on things that will make a business more successful and profitable;

labornoun [ uncountable ] 1work involving a lot of physical or mental effort;

2all the people who work for a company or in a country;

machinerynoun [ uncountable ] equipment that uses power such as electricity or petrol;

heavy machineryvery large machines used in manufacturing, the building industry etc;

office machineryequipment such as telephones, computers etc that are used in offices;

marketingnoun [ uncountable ] activities to design and sell a product or service by considering buyers’ wants or needs, for example where and how they will buy it, how much they will be willing to pay etc;

moneynoun [ uncountable ] coins banknotesand bank deposits(=money held in banks) used to buy things and to show their value;

broad money 1cash and all the forms of money that cannot easily be turned into cash;

2 a measure of how much money is available;

narrow moneycash and the forms of money that can most easily be turned into cash;

money supplyalso money stocknoun [ singular ] 1the amount of money in an economy at a particular time, and the speed with which it is used;

2M0/​M1/​M2 etcdifferent measures of a country’s money supply depending on the types of money they include, such as cash, bank deposits(=money held by banks), commercial paper(=borrowing for short periods of time by organizations) etc;

monopolynoun plural monopolies[ countable, uncountable ] a situation where a business activity is controlled by only one company or by the government, and other companies do not compete with it;

nationalizealso nationaliseBrE verb [ transitive ] if a government nationalizes a company or industry, it brings it under state control;

nationalizedadjective;

occupationnoun [ countable ] a job or profession, used especially on official forms or for writing about the jobs people do;

outputnoun 1 [ countable, uncountable ] the amount of goods or services produced by a person, machine, factory, company etc; = outturn;

2 [ uncountable ] the total amount of goods and services produced in the economy or a part of the economy during a particular period of time;

ownverb [ transitive ] to have or possess something that is legally yours;

personnelnoun 1 [ plural ] the people who work for a company or organization;

2 [ uncountable ] the department in an organization that deals with employing, training, and helping employees ; = human resources;

powernoun 1[ uncountable ] the ability or right to control people, organizations, events etc ;

buying power1[ uncountable ] the ability of a person or organization to buy things, depending on the amount of money they have available; =PURCHASING POWER,SPENDING POWER;

2[ uncountable ] the amount that a unit of a particular currency buys at a particular time ; =PURCHASING POWER;

purchasing power1[ uncountable ] the ability of a person or organization to buy things, depending on the amount of money they have available ; =BUYING POWER, SPENDINGPOWER ;

2[ uncountable ] the amount that a unit of a particular currency buys at a particular time ; =BUYING POWER;

spending power[ uncountable ] another name for PURCHASING POWER;

pricenoun 1[ countable, uncountable ] the amount of money for which something is bought, sold, or offered;

consumer price[ countable ] the price paid by the public for goods and services, rather than by businesses;

fixed price1[ countable ] a price that is definite and that cannot be reduced or increased; =GUARANTEED PRICE;

2[ countable ] an official price for a product or service, set by a government. When the amount has been set, it is illegal to sell the item above this price ; =GUARANTEED PRICE;

market price1[ countable ] the price of something on a market at a particular time;

2[ countable ] used to talk about the real price or cost of something that a market decides, rather than one calculated or fixed, for example by a government;

3[ countable ] the price of something calculated in relation to what buyers are willing to pay at a particular time, rather than in some other way;

retail price[ countable ] the price of something in a shop, rather than to a WHOLESALER(= a seller that sells to shops etc rather than to the public) ; =street priceAmE;

selling price[ countable ] the price at which something can be bought, or at which it has been sold;

price takernoun [ countable ] a company or person that has little influence on the price of something, and has to follow what other companies and people do;

privatizealso privatiseBrE verb [ transitive ] if the government privatizes a company or activity that it owns or operates, it sells the company etc to a business or to members of the public, who become its new shareholders;

— compare nationalize;

privatizedalso privatisedBrE adjective;

productnoun 1[ countable ] something useful and intended to be sold that comes from nature or is made in a factory;

2[ countable ] a service;

3[ uncountable ] products in general;

commercial product1[ countable ] a product that can be sold, rather than one still being developed;

2[ countable ] another name for CONSUMER PRODUCT;

commodity product1[ countable ] a product such as a metal, farm product, oil etc;

2[ countable ] a product that is hard to differentiate(=make seem different) from other products of the same kind;

consumer product[ countable ] a product for use by people rather than businesses;

household product[ countable ] a cleaning product used in people’s homes etc;

productivitynoun [ uncountable ] the rate at which goods are produced, and the amount produced in relation to the work, time, and money needed to produce them;

profitnoun [ countable, uncountable ] money that you gain from selling something, or from doing business in a particular period of time, after taking away costs;

net profitthe profit from a deal, or from business activity for a particular period of time, after all costs and taxes are taken away; =NET;

profitabilitynoun [ uncountable ] the state of producing a profit, or the degree to which an activity, company etc is profitable;

propensitynoun plural propensities[ countable ] 1a tendency to behave in a particular way;

2marginal propensity to consumethe relationship between a change in people’s income and the change in the amount that they spend on goods;

provideverb [ transitive ] 1 to give someone what they need, or to make sure they get it;

2 to produce a useful result, opportunity etc;

purchasenoun 1[ uncountable ] the act of buying something;

2make a purchaseto buy something;

3[ countable ] something that has been bought;

quantifyverb past tense and past participle quantified[ transitive ] to measure something and express it as a number, especially something that is difficult to measure;

raw materialsnoun [ countable usually plural ] something you need to make or do something;

raw materiala substance that is used to make a product;

recycleverb [ intransitive, transitive ] to put used objects or materials through a special process, so that they can be used again;

recyclableadjective;

recycledadjective;

recyclingnoun [ uncountable ];

reflateverb [ intransitive, transitive ] if a government reflates the economy, it increases government spending, reduces interest rates etc in order to increase demand and encourage economic activity;

— compare deflate;

reflationnoun [ uncountable ];

reflationaryadjective;

requirementnoun 1[ countable ] something that an official organization says a company or person must have or do;

2[ countable ] something that someone needs or wants;

capital requirement 1[ countable ] the capital needed by a company to operate, grow etc;

2[ countable ] the capital that a government says that a financial institution must have in relation to the amount that it lends, so that it can operate safely;

reserve requirement[ countable ] AmE an amount of money the government says that banks must possess, or leave with the central bank, calculated in relation to the amount of the loans that they make;

reserveverb [ transitive ] 1 to arrange for a place on a plane, in a hotel, in a restaurant etc to be kept for a customer who will arrive later ; = bookBrE;

2to keep or restrict something so that it can be used only by a particular person or for a particular purpose;

reservenoun [ countable ] a minimum price that a seller will accept, usually in an auction; =reserve price;

—see also reserves;

reservesnoun [ plural ] 1a company’s profits from previous periods of time that have not been paid to shareholders;

2AmE amounts kept aside by a company in its accounts to be used if needed. The amount a company has in reserves has to be taken away when calculating profit for a particular period of time;

3also bank reservesmoney held by a bank and used to pay out money to customers when they ask for it. The amount that must be kept in this way is decided by government;

capital reservesmoney that a company, financial institution, or government has available for future spending;

resource1noun [ countable usually plural ] 1 something such as money, property, skill, labour etc that a company has available;

2something such as oil, land, or natural energy that exists in a country and can be used to increase its wealth;

resource2verb [ transitive ] to provide money or other resources that are needed to do particular work;

resourcingnoun [ uncountable ];

restrictionnoun [ countable ] an official rule that limits or controls what people can do or what is allowed to happen;

rivalnoun [ countable ] 1a person, group, or organization that you compete with; 2one of a number of products that people can choose between;

salarynoun plural salaries[ countable, uncountable ] money that you receive as payment from the organization you work for, usually paid to you every month;

scarceadjective if something is scarce, there is not enough of it available;

scarcitynoun [ singular, uncountable ];

sector noun [ countable ] all the organizations or companies in a particular area of activity, industry etc;

service sector also tertiary sector [ singular ] the companies, organizations, and activities in an economy that provide services such as banking, transport, tourism etc, rather than manufacturing goods;

sharenoun 1 [ countable ] one of the parts into which ownership of a company is divided;

societynoun plural societies1[ uncountable ] people in general, considered in relation to the structure of laws, organizations etc that make it possible for them to live together;

2[ countable, uncountable ] a particular large group of people who share laws, organizations, customs etc;

consumer society[ countable usually singular ] a society in which buying goods and services is considered to be one of the most important parts of people’s lives;

substitution noun [ countable, uncountable ] when you use or do something new or different instead of something else, or something new that is used or done like this;

supplynoun plural supplies 1 [ countable ] an amount of something that is available to be sold, bought, used etc;

supplyverb past tense and past participle supplied[ transitive ] 1to provide goods or services to customers, especially regularly and over a long period of time;

2 to give someone something they want or need;

tangibleadjective 1 tangible results, proof, benefits etc can clearly be seen to exist or to have happened;

2 able to be touched and felt;

taxnoun [ countable, uncountable ] an amount of money that you must pay to the government according to your income, property, goods etc, that is used to pay for public services;

income tax that rises in stages according to a taxpayer’s income;

value-added taxabbreviation VAT[ countable, uncountable ] a tax on some goods and services;

taxationnoun [ uncountable ] 1the act or system of charging taxes;

2money collected from taxes;

tertiaryadjective [ only before a noun ] tertiary industries or companies are involved in providing services, rather than the production of raw materials (=materials used in manufacturing) or manufacturing;

transactionnoun [ countable ] 1 a payment, or the process of making one;

2 a business deal;

unemploymentnoun [ uncountable ] 1 when you do not have a job;

2 the number of people in a country who do not have a job;

utility noun plural utilities1 [ countable usually plural ] a large company that provides services such as gas or electricity;

2 [ countable usually plural ] a service such as gas or electricity, provided for people to use;

vacationnoun [ countable ] 1 AmE a period of time when people are on holiday or not working;

2a period of time when universities and certain law courts or other organizations are closed;

velocitynoun [ uncountable ] the number of times a particular unit of money is spent over a period of time. A country’s GDPis the total amount of money available and its velocity;

wagenoun [ countable ] also wagesmoney that someone earns according to the number of hours, days, or weeks that they work, especially money that is paid each week;

warehousing noun [ countable ] a large building used for storing goods in large quantities;

wealthnoun [ uncountable ] 1a large amount of money or valuable possessions;

2 the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a particular period of time;

— opposite badly off;

withdrawverb past tense withdrewpast participle withdrawn

1[ transitive ] to take money out of a bank account;

2[ transitive ] to remove something or take it back, often because of an official decision ;

3[ transitive ] if a company withdraws a product or service, it stops making it available, either for a period of time or permanently ;

4[ intransitive ] to no longer take part in something or to no longer belong to a particular organization;