About how much paid holiday does the average employee in britain get each year

Holidays in Britain

There are fewer public holidays in Britain than in any other country in Europe. Even New Year’s Day wasn’t a public holiday in England and Wales until quite recently. Most official holidays occur just before or just after a weekend. There are practically no extra local holidays in particular places.
The word holiday means holy day. But not all public holidays are connected with religious celebrations. The average employee gets four weeks’ paid holiday a year. About 40% of the population do not go away for their holidays.
In the 18th century the British upper class started the fashion for seaside holidays. In the 20th century the working class got such an opportunity too. And soon it became popular to spend a week or two at the seaside resort towns. These towns have many hotels.

Food in British hotels and restaurants is reasonably cheap, but rooms are not. Few English people rent houses or flats for their holidays, but one of the traditional ways of spending a holiday is in a boarding house. These houses offer «bed and breakfast» or «full board» (that means that all meals are provided).
If the weather is fine people go to the beach, where children make sandcastles, eat ice-creams or go swimming. Quite a lot of people like just to relax and sunbathe.
In the evening and when it’s raining, people go to discos, theatres, dance halls, which are usually situated on the pier.
In the 1950s and 1960s camping holidays were very popular. People stayed in chalets and had food and all kinds of entertainment in the holiday camps. Camping holidays are not so popular in England nowadays, but they are very popular in France.
Caravan holidays have become more popular nowadays. A caravan pulled by the family car can provide good opportunity for holiday. Many people like the friendly atmosphere in an organized caravan site.
Foreign tourism has become extremely popular these days. Millions of people spend their holidays away from home. Most foreign holidays are package holidays. You book transport and accommodation and pay for everything in advance (through a travel agent).
Spain is a very popular package-holiday place today.
Traditionally people start planning their summer holidays on Boxing Day.
Some holidays in Britain last only three or less days. For example, for Bank holiday weekend most people go to the most popular seaside resorts. Rich people go to their cottages in the countryside where they prefer to spend the weekend.

EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions.
1. How long is an annual holiday for the average employee in Britain?
2. What does the word holiday mean?
3. What was a popular type of holiday in the 18th century?
4. What are people offered at boarding houses?
5. What’s the difference between the camping holiday and a caravan holiday?
6. How do people spend their Bank holiday weekend?

II. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions.
1. a boarding house —
2. a caravan —
3. to book in advance —
4. package holiday —
5. to book accommodation —

Answers
III. 1. public holiday; 2. religious celebration; 3. about 40%; 4. reasonably cheap; 5. rent; 6 pulled; 7. the friendly atmosphere; 8. beach; 9. chalets; 10. Foreign; 11. transport; accommodation; 12. Boxing.

(Великобритания: Тексты для устных ответов и письменных работ на английском языке. Авт.-сост. И. Ю. Баканова)

Holiday entitlement

Almost all workers are legally entitled to 5.6 weeks’ paid holiday a year (known as statutory leave entitlement or annual leave).

An employer can include bank holidays as part of statutory annual leave.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) does not affect workers’ entitlement to holiday pay and leave, except for carrying over leave.

Statutory annual leave entitlement

Most workers who work a 5-day week must receive at least 28 days’ paid annual leave a year. This is the equivalent of 5.6 weeks of holiday.

Working part-time

Part-time workers are entitled to at least 5.6 weeks’ paid holiday, but this will amount to fewer than 28 days.

For example, if they work 3 days a week, they must get at least 16.8 days’ leave a year (3 × 5.6).

Use the holiday entitlement calculator to work out a part-time worker’s leave.

Irregular hours

People working irregular hours (like shift workers or term-time workers) are entitled to paid time off for every hour they work.

They might find it helpful to get an estimate of holiday entitlement by calculating leave based on days or hours worked in an average week.

Limits on statutory leave

Statutory paid holiday entitlement is limited to 28 days. For example, staff working 6 days a week are only entitled to 28 days’ paid holiday.

Bank holidays

Bank or public holidays do not have to be given as paid leave.

An employer can choose to include bank holidays as part of a worker’s statutory annual leave.

Extra leave

An employer can choose to offer more leave than the legal minimum. They do not have to apply all the rules that apply to statutory leave to the extra leave. For example, a worker might need to be employed for a certain amount of time before they become entitled to it.

Other aspects of holiday entitlement

Workers have the right to:

Disputes

Paid annual leave is a legal right that an employer must provide. If a worker thinks their right to leave and pay are not being met there are a number of ways to resolve the dispute.

What Is a Good Salary in London? [+Average Salaries 2022]

People from around the world move to the British capital in hopes of a better future, thus, the income. How much will you earn in London, UK? Will London meet your salary expectations?

What is a good salary in London, UK? A net monthly salary between £2,800 and £3,000 is considered a decent salary. This corresponds to the gross annual salary above £45,000. Everyone getting between £3,300 and £4,000 gross per month is a good earner.

British capital attracts thousands of expats and migrants every year. Yet, London’s salaries aren’t as high as its cost of living. London is the most expensive place to live in the United Kingdom. Read this article to learn what to expect in terms of expenses and salaries when moving to London, UK, in 2022. Learn about salary in the UK in this article.

What is considered a good salary in London in 2022?

A salary of £50,000 is considered to be good in London. If you have a family, a more comfortable income starts at £60,000.

With that income, you can afford a two-bedroom apartment not far away from the city center, eating out, and traveling around on weekends.

Even after paying tax, it’s still a good salary for a single person, giving you a decent standard of life. A family will likely need two incomes to have a good standard of living.

According to the different resources, the average salary in London is £53,700 in 2021. This translates to £4,475 in monthly wage (Plumplot 2021). In contrast, the average salary across the country is only £38,100. Hence, the high cost of living in London is reflected in the wages, which are by far the highest in the UK.

Yet, not everyone in London earns an average salary. Some people have to live on less. And there are also some small amount of people making over £100,000 annually.

According to the statistics, the average gross salary in London is £53,700 in 2021.

Furthermore, the Average salary survey reports that the average salary in London as of January 2022 is £60,921 ($84,922 USD) and most typical £33,717 ($47,000 USD).

Example of a good salary in London

Base gross salary: £53,700, comes to £3,320 monthly after tax. Salary of £50,000 will give you around £3,000 per month after tax, while it’s £2,550 with £40,000.

What will your life look like with a good level of monthly income (around £3,000 net) in London, UK. £50,000 is a realistic salary for most academics with a few years of experience.

Learn more about cost of living in the UK.

The total fixed cost is around £2,440 per month. With a salary of £50,000, you will receive £37,000 annually after-tax or about £3,000 per month. Consequently, someone with an income of £50,000 can even put aside some amount in savings every month.

Finally, for a standard, comfortable life in London for a single person, you would need a salary of at least £40,000 a year. For a couple, you need to earn at least £60,000-70,000 if your partner doesn’t work. That’s about £3,624 – £4,108 in the household income.

This household income will cover your rent, transport, lunches at work, groceries.

Gross vs Net

Net salary is an amount without income taxes and deductions for social security contributions. Overall, taxes and social security contributions are around 25% of the employee’s gross salary in the UK.

The most common income tax rate is 20%, and social security employees pay between 0% and 12% of their salary, depending on the level and class of income. Employers also pay a share.

British social insurance includes unemployment, sickness, disability, occupational accidents, occupational diseases, maternity, widowhood, and pensions.

In the UK, the so-called “pay as you earn” (PAYE) system applies to income taxes. The tax-free amount is £12,570 per year. Generally, there are three income tax rates (slightly different rates apply in Scotland):

Yet, the majority of people pay 20% in income tax and 12% in social security.

Salaries in London

The job market is huge in London, and so is the number of immigrants from all corners of the planet. Salaries in London range a lot. You can earn as few as £14,000 per year or as much as £100,000 in the executive role.

For example, interns and fresh graduates earn the least in the professional field. Also, people with no official degree are among low earners.

Junior or executive roles usually start at £18,000 and finish at £30,000-£32,000, depending on your experience. Managerial positions start at £35,000-£49,000 and can go far beyond.

Also, software developers always have higher salaries, so with 2-3 years of experience as a backend developer, you can get a wage of £40,000-£55,000 a year.

Managing living expenses while earning below £30,000 in London will be difficult.

Furthermore, a high salary is required for someone willing to purchase real estate in London. You want to earn around £100k per year alone or together with your partner to buy a three-bedroom house in London.

If you make less than £100k, it’s possible to purchase a 1 or 2 bedroom apartment. Alternatively, homes can be obtained outside London, but it will involve a solid daily commute.

Which city is better for living London or Toronto?

Average salary in London

According to the statistics, the average gross salary in London is £53,700 in 2021 (Plumplot 2021). In January 2022, the average salary survey reports that the average salary in London is £60,921 ($84,922 USD), while the most typical salary was £33,717 ($47,000 USD).

However, resources like Glassdoor and Payspective indicate that the average wage in London is about £41,000. This is the monthly average wage, including all benefits and bonuses.

The most common salary ranges in London are:

Furthermore, men earn on average £65,855 and women – £49,858. Yet, salaries vary drastically between different careers.

The best-paid jobs in London are in Finance & Banking with an average income of £80,203 and Management & Business with £76,688 annually.

Depending on the education, the highest salaries receive people with Doctorate Degree with a salary of £77,979. The second most paid professionals have Masters’s Degree – £64,349.

Your work experience affects earnings as well. So, people with 20+ years of experience receive a salary of £85,368. Employees with 16-20 years of experience receive £82,929.

The average salary in London among different professions (2022):

In other British cities, these numbers are significantly lower. To compare here are average salaries for some typical jobs in the UK:

Highest paying jobs in London

Some of the highest paying jobs in London are:

Average salary in the UK

When talking about salaries in London, we also should mention the average income in the UK in general.

According to the ONS, the average gross salary in the UK in 2021 was £25,971 or £21,324 after-tax for a single person. This translates to the £1,777 net monthly wage. Other sources state that the average salary across the country is £38,100. These numbers include holiday pay and other benefits.

In April 2020, the average earnings for full-time employees were around £31,461 a year, while part-time workers in the UK earn an average of £11,310. Another data confirms that the average salary in the country in 2021 is £29,600.

Nonetheless, a working person in the UK typically earns between £2,600 – £3,000 gross per month. The most common salary in the UK is between £32,000 and £36,000.

Hence, earning over £31,000 in the UK puts you in above-average income.

Minimum wage in the UK

In 2021, the minimum wage in the UK was £8,91 per hour for someone above age 23.

Average expenses in London with average salary

Of course, the salary needed to live in London in 2022 heavily depends on your lifestyle. One is clear, you need at least £1,900 per month to have a most basic life.

The average cost of living in London is about £2,892 per person per month. The Price Index for the city of London is 222. This score indicates that food, rent, and other necessities are more than twice as expensive in London than in the average global city.

Learn how much a family spends in the UK.

The total cost of living in London is about 38,5% higher than the Central European average.

People with kids need more money. The cost of living for a couple with a one-year-old is around £49,714 annually or £4,142 monthly. Childcare is expensive in London.

Furthermore, don’t be surprised but the cost of living in New York City is about the same as in London.

Example of some ordinary expenses in London:

Cost of living in London:

You will spend significantly more money in London (at least 20%) than in all other locations. In 2020, London was ranked among the 10 most expensive cities to live in Europe. If you want to relocate to the UK but pay less, cheaper locations can be found in northern England.

Housing

London is famous for obscure rent prices. Rent in London will contribute to at least 30% of your monthly budget. The closer you are to the city center, the higher the rent.

If you want to live in a nice neighborhood in a decently connected location (that would be zones 2-3 of London), prepare to pay around £1,200 for a studio and £1,500-1,600 for a 1-bedroom flat.

On the other hand, renting a family home costs about £3,100 a month on average in the center and about £1,900 for one outside the center.

However, you can share a place with other people, and that would be way cheaper.

Rents in other English cities are significantly lower. For instance, in Manchester, you will get a one-bedroom apartment for about £700 a month.

Average monthly costs for various housing types in London:

Consequently, more and more people cannot afford to live in London. Hence, they are moving to cities nearby. This fact has driven prices high in those cities as well. Thus, the cost of living in any town near London has skyrocketed.

Food

Food in London is on the European average but more expensive than in most EU countries. Eating and drinking out is particularly pricey. You can easily spend £ 50 – £ 100 in one evening.

A beer costs £6, a cocktail £12, and having a meal will set you back on £ 30- £ 40 per person.

Groceries are available at more affordable prices at the discounts like Aldi, but regular and high-level supermarkets are more expensive. Your weekly bill for groceries can be around £200 for a family of four when shopping in the average supermarket. That comes to at least £800 per month on food for a family.

As a general rule, expats should budget around £ 500 – £ 600 per month for grocery shopping in London, while singles and students will be able to live off on less.

Consumer spendings

On average, a British household spends £51 a week on restaurants and £76,90 on entertainment and culture, £21 on communications, and £24 on clothing. To summarise, it averages about £700 per month.

Public transport

Public transport prices are high in the UK. A London’s monthly pass for subway+train can cost you £360 per month.

Holidays

The money you will spend on holidays also should be considered, although it’s not must-have expense. Yet, all Brits go on vacation time from time. In fact, the average Brit goes on holiday twice a year, and it costs £850 each time.

That’s an additional £1,700 per year for a single. Families need to multiple it on amount of people.

Is £50,000 a good enough salary to live in London?

£50,000 isn’t a high salary for London but high enough to cover all your living expenses. In fact, it’s very close to the average wage across the city (£53,700). With a gross annual salary of £50,000, you will take home £37,537 after taxes, which is around £3,000 a month.

Yet, in the UK, the salary of £50,000 is above the average. It’s a very decent salary in the UK. Furthermore, an employee doesn’t pay high taxes on such income. They are still in the 20% bracket for income taxes.

If you consider buying real estate, the mortgage repayments could easily take up well over £10,000 annually.

Is £60k a good salary in London?

£60,000 is above average salary in London and gives you £3,500 per month after tax. It’s a good income for a young, single individual. For someone with family and partner earning a similar amount, even purchasing a house is possible. Yet, a family or couple with a single income of £60,000 will have a moderate lifestyle in London.

Expenses with £60,000 income in London:

Total costs and saving: £ 3,25 5

Is £70k a good salary in London?

£70,000 is averaging of £4,050 monthly income after tax and is an excellent salary for a single person in London. It’s also a good salary for someone with a family. As a family, you can afford a moderate lifestyle in London. This income allows one to go out and travel often.

Is £95k a good enough salary in London?

A salary of £95,000 is much higher than London’s average and gives you an amazing lifestyle whether you are single or have a family. In fact, £95,000 gross per year or £63,793 net (£5,316 monthly) allows one to have a luxurious life. You will easily pay for your high rent or mortgage, travels, and all daily expenses.

The average salary in London is around £53,000, £95,000 is almost twice as much.

Is a £100k gross salary a good salary in London, UK?

£100,000 annually puts someone in the top 2%-3% or so of earners in the UK. Most British people would consider it an excellent salary. Even in the expensive London, it would be regarded as exceptionally good income.

With a gross annual salary of £100,000, as a single, you will get £66,644 or about £5,554 after tax every month. So you could easily afford the top end of average rents, and a mortgage would be even more manageable if you have savings for a deposit.

Let’s look into expenses you might have when earning £100,000 in London:

= £1,055 left after all major costs.

Moreover, with such income, one might decide to get a car, which automatically adds around £2,000 in spendings every year (tax, insurance, upkeep).

Taxes in the UK

While working in London, you also need to consider how much taxes will be deducted every month from your salary. Fortunately, UK taxes are significantly lower than in most European countries. It comes to about 24,90% of your gross income.

With an average annual salary of £40,862 (according to Glassdoor), you will take home £31,450. This means £2,621 in your pocket a month. Hence, you just paid around 24,1% in taxes.

The UK’s income tax is between 20% and 45% (20% is most common). You can see rates for 2022 – 2023 below.

Social security – employee pays 12% from the salary; 2% for income above £4,189 per month. At the same time, the employer contributes another 13,8% (15,05% from April 2022) to the national insurance. Expats, foreign employees, as well as business owners, can sign for private health insurance, which will save them money.

For example, if you earn £4,000 a month gross or £48,000 a year, you pay:

Alternative to the national insurance in the UK

If you want to save money on public health insurance and still have full access to the medical services, check out expat insurance from William Russell.

How much money do you need to live comfortably in London?

How much money you need to live comfortably comes to the cost of living. Generally, you can live comfortably on between £2,500 – £3,500, depending on the location and your personal situation.

London is one of the most expensive cities in the world. Hence, you will see high price tags on almost everything you encounter. Reducing the frequency of going and eating out will save you a significant amount every month.

With such income, you will cover all things related to accommodation, general expenses, and leisure activities.

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83 Last year our … from sales has fallen considerably.

Revenue

84 It will not be easy to … our products because they are too expensive.

Market

85 If the price of your competitor’s product is lower than of yours or your product is seen as …, there may be problems with selling it.

Overpriced

86 At our hotel we give our … more than a high-quality experience, we get them to enjoy the hotel way of life.

Guests

87 We are trying to meet the … of today’s international business.

Needs

88 In addition, the … of the hotel is ideal: a three-minute drive from the international airport

Location

89 It is necessary to understand that busy executives cannot afford to waste time in … jams as they try to reach the central office.

Traffic

90 Until quite recently, companies typically tended to be … with a high degree of control.

Hierarchical

Local

92 Change is often perceived as a … to our stability and our values.

Threat

93 It seems that people working in … tend to generate more ideas and can test them out easily.

Teams

94 Manufacturers of cosmetics frequently offer free … for customers to try out their new products.

Samples

95 Advertising done at the place where a product is sold is called … advertising.

Point-of-sale

Ability

97 Every individual gains the confidence and ability to … the kind of decisions which will help the company.

Make

98 … of sports or arts events can be a powerful method of advertising.

Sponsorship

99 It is well known that the most frequent reaction … change is resistance.

to

100 If you hear about a new product from a friend or relative, this is called … advertising.

Word-of-mouth

Authority

102 Tax … is a reduction in the tax that you must pay.

Break

103 Outdoor advertising is growing rapidly because the cost of TV … has risen dramatically.

Commercials

104 Niche market is a market for a special … of product that may not have many buyers.

Kind

1 I saw her … the street.

Crossing

Neither am I

Will you

— approval

2 He … his student grant by doing part-time work.

— supplemented

3 The bank will simply not let you … any money unless you can prove that you have been in regular employment for at least three years.

— borrow

4 Economists predict that house prices will stay … for a long period.

— static

5 This seismograph is an extremely … instrument.

— sensitive

6 Lawyers have to be … about the small print in contracts.

— fussy

— scale

8 The contents list in a book should … the preface.

— precede

9 It must be hard to decide each year who … the Nobel Peace Prize.

— merits

10 That department store is closing down and they’re having a big clearance ….

— sale

11 Collating all these pages is extremely slow and … work.

— laborious

12 In some countries, traffic police can … instant fines on motorists.

— impose

13 Someone stole my credit card and … my signature.

— forged

— heritage

— cultivated

16 Shopaholics are a new problem, born of the … society.

— affluent

1. My car’s been … and is in good working order.

Overhauled

Road

3. Buying in … can reduce unit costs.

Bulk

4. There was an … in Parliament when the Minister resigned.

Uproar

5. I phoned to ask how she was and they told me her … was unchanged.

Condition

6 The way they … business in the west has changed since they began to enter emerging markets.

do

State

8 Mr. Davis works for a/an … making organization whose aim is to encourage local people to start their own business.

Non-profit

9. Does the idea of working abroad … to you?

Appeal

— alterations

11 You have a real … for learning languages.

— facility

12 We admired the … of spring fashions in the department store windows.

— display

13 There was a … of people queueing for tickets.

— mass

14 If ever you find you have an unexpected expense, you can always … some money from your savings.

— withdraw

15 I drove my car into a wall and … it.

— wrecked

16 The train left the rails, but fortunately no one was ….

— injured

— way

18 Stonehenge was built in the … past, but no one knows exactly when.

— distant

19 Professor Flynn’s … lectures attract large audiences.

— lively

20 An … manner is a great social asset.

— urbane

1 The way they … business in the west has changed since they began to enter emerging markets.

do

2 Ergonomics is the study of the design of furniture or office equipment and the … it has on how efficiently or comfortably people can work.

effect

3 The heritage industry brings large numbers of foreign tourists to the country’s … and historic towns.

sights

4 The economic … of government expenditure varies among countries most of which include major functional categories such as defense, education, social security, housing etc.

breakdown

risen

6 When rich people buy a sports car, they generally do not expect it to be a …, but a luxury item.

Mode of transport

mean of transport

7 A … is a piece of machinery or furniture which is reliable and can be used to do a lot of work.

workhorse

8 There are … who buy lifestyle products in order to make a statement about who they are.

Consumers

9 Companies need to … their target market and not to be distracted by attempting to reach customers not interested in their products.

Focus on

10 The pressure on companies to compete is higher when there are … competitors sharing strengths and weaknesses.

A number of

11 The major determinant of competitiveness refers to a factor or element which has an … other factors or situations in the market.

Influence on

12 Robert Schiller, who helped create the subfield now known as behavioral finance (and won a Noble prize), … that ideas about markets spread like an epidemic.

Reckons

13 The initial coin offering boom is an outgrowth of the…, occasionally inscrutable world of cryptocurrencies.

Emerging

14 Enthusiasm for new markets or technologies frequently results in excessive optimism, which ultimately … reality in a spectacular crash.

Collides with

15 According to Porter, the state of competition in an industry … on five basic competitive forces which determine the market’s potential.

Depends

16 A situation which can cause problems … mistakes within an organization brought about by human errors is called operational risk.

Due to

17 When you feel you want or need to be … a dangerous situation, you have an appetite for risk.

Involved in

Take over

19 … means administration activities and functions where there is no direct contact with the client.

Back office

In Britain and the US young people often have a part-time jobbut do not start work properly until they are 16 or older if they take some form of further education. The usual age for retirement is

EMPLOYMENT

Going to work

In Britain and the US young people often have a part-time jobbut do not start work properly until they are 16 or older if they take some form of further education. The usual age for retirement is now 65.

Americans share with the British the Protestant work ethic,a belief that working hard is good for a person. In the US people who cannot find work often feel that they have no value, and parents believe that the best way to help their children become responsible adults is to encourage them to work hard. In Britain, people who complain about having to work may be accused of sponging(= living on money from the state). But the work ethic is less strong now in Britain, perhaps because jobs are less secure and many people feel less committed to a particular company.

The labour market

About 131 million Americans have jobs, and around 5% of these moonlight(= have a second job). The British labour forceis about 27 million, over half of which are white-collar workers(= people with office jobs) or professionals. Blue-collar workers,workers in factories, on building sites, etc., often have difficulty staying in work.

Most people find jobs through advertisements in newspapers or, in Britain, at Jobcentres.Some register with an employment agency.Companies looking for senior staff may approach people working for another company, a practice known as headhunting.Many people choose to be self-employed(= to have their own business) or to work freelancefor several employers.

Pay and conditions

People who work in offices have a five-day week and are often said to have a nine-to-five job.In fact many office workers begin work earlier or finish later. Many work flexitime,a system that lets them decide their own hours. In the US people are expected to work 40 hours, often more, and are not usually paid for the 30 minutes or so they spend eating lunch. People in senior positions often work much longer hours. In Britain, many people with a nine-to-five job work only a 35-hour week and their 8-hour day includes a lunch break. In shops and factories the average working week, including overtime(= extra work), is about 45 hours. Factory workers and those in the service sector(= shops public transport, etc.) usually do shift work,and their working hours vary from week to week.

Most blue-collar workers are paid by the hour.Their pay (BrE wages) may be higher if they work at night or on public holidays; night work, for instance, may pay time and a half(= one and a half times the normal hourly rate). White-collar workers and professionals usually get a salary.In most industries there is a big gap between the pay of senior managers and that of the workers. An increasing number of people are unhappy with this situation. In the US there has for a long time been a minimum wage,and this has recently been introduced in Britain.

Benefits add to the value of a job. These include pension plans, childcare allowances,and discountson goods produced by the company, and profit-sharing schemeswhich pay employees more money when the business does well. In the US the most important benefit is a health plan(= health insurance).

Americans typically get a two-week vacation,and around 10 holidaysduring the year. Employees who have worked for a company for a long time may get more vacation. Those in low-paid jobs may get none at all. Most British people get three or four weeks paid leave a year, plus bank holidays.

There are strict laws in Britain and the US about working conditions,the number of hours that employees can be required to work, how often they must take a break,and what must be done to protect their safety. Many workers belong to trade unions(AmE labor unions),which provide support for workers in disputes with employers.

Job security

The US labour market is very flexible. It is easy to hire and firepeople, and so companies can react quickly to economic problems by downsizing(= getting smaller) and lying offemployees (= taking away their jobs). Americans believe that the government should be involved as little as possible in business, and that this will make the economy strong. But this idea has made it hard to get laws passed that would protect workers’ jobs.

In Britain people rarely stay in the same job for more than a few years. Many office workers and professionals expect to have job satisfaction(= to enjoy their job and feel it is worth doing) and often change jobs in search of something better. Other people, however, are forced to look for a new job because they have been made redundant(= told that they are no longer required). For them, finding a new job may be difficult and as a result many people become unemployed.

Unemployment figuresare an indication of the state of a country’s economy and are a politically sensitive issue. In the mid-1990s Britain’s jobless totalwas around two million, approximately 8% of the workforce. Of these, 46% of men and 28% of women were long-term unemployed(= out of work for more than a year).

The rate of unemployment in the US is around 6%. The flexible labour market means that many people who lose their job get another within about 15 weeks. But African Americans and Hispanics have much higher rates of unemployment, and may stay unemployed for longer.

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