How are metamorphagi made
How are metamorphagi made
How Are Metamorphic Rocks Formed?
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed from one type of rock to another. While sedimentary rock is formed from sediments, and igneous rock is formed from molten magma, metamorphic rock is rock made from pre-existing rocks. These rocks undergo a change, either caused by high heat, high pressure, or exposure to mineral rich hot liquid, which transforms the existing rock into a new type of rock, changing the minerals’ composition in the process. Any of these three factors, or combination of them, can lead to a metamorphic rock being formed.
Formation Of Metamorphic Rocks
Illustration of metamorphic rock formation. Image credit: Nasky/Shutterstock.com
Because of the conditions necessary to transform rocks, those being heat and pressure, the process usually occurs deep within the Earth’s crust, or in areas where tectonic plates collide. These are similar conditions which produce igneous rock, however, the important distinction to make is that the original or protolith rocks which form metamorphic rocks, even when heated, do not actually melt, and rather melted rock, or magma, is the basis of igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are melted rocks that cool and crystalize, while metamorphic rocks endure extreme conditions which change the actual mineral composition of a rock over time.
As this process happens deep below the surface of the earth, these rocks are often rarer, or at the very least, harder to find on the Earth’s surface, than other types of rock, and only come to light due to geological lift. This lift happens when soil is eroded over time. Wind, rain and breakdown wash or eat away at the dirt and rock encompassing these metamorphic rocks deep underground. In this way, metamorphic rocks slowly become exposed on the Earth’s surface over time.
In order for this metamorphosis to occur, the heat and/or pressure surrounding the rock much reach certain extreme levels. For a rock to be transformed by heat, it must be subject to temperatures which exceed 150 or 200 degrees Celsius. Pressure levels must similarly reach a very high level. Rocks can undergo metamorphosis when they endure pressures of 100 megapascals or more. These extreme conditions converge to create a physical and/or chemical change in the original, or protolith rock. After this process, the protolith rock will often change texture, composition and mineralogy to create a new completely different rock form.
Thermal Metamorphism
When rocks are transformed by heat, it is known as thermal metamorphism. This means that temperature was the principal cause of the transformation, and the catalyst for the protolith rock’s recrystallization. As mentioned, this tends to take place in areas of extreme heat such as near fissures or igneous intrusions. These are areas in the Earth’s crust where magma is formed or expelled. These upwellings of molten rock create environments of extreme heat, which in turn offer the ideal environment for metamorphic rocks to form. These rocks are transformed near, but not within the magma, so that that area has very high temperatures, but is not directly in the molten rock swell.
Cataclastic Or Mylonitic Metamorphism
The other way in which metamorphic rock is created is through extreme pressure, and this pressure must be so great as to exceed 100 megapascals of force. Within the Earth’s crust there are tectonic plates which move and shift. Where these plates meet, there is often a great deal of friction. These faults or cracks create a huge amount of force when the plates rub against one another. This shearing and crushing of the plates is the main cause of cataclastic metamorphism, and results in rocks with very small, broken down particles. Mylonitic rocks are produced by way of the same process, but where the particles undergo so much pressure that they are milled into tiny grain sizes.
Dynamothermal Metamorphism
Sometimes heat and pressure work together to produced metamorphic rock. In this process, the rock develops wholly new minerals and textures. Again, this happens at the boundaries of tectonic plates, usually along mountain belts and ranges. The metamorphic rocks which are produced by this process as known as dynamothermal metamorphic rocks, and are some of the most commonly formed.
Classification Of Metamorphic Rocks
While metamorphic rocks can be formed in different ways, the resulting rocks can also be categorized based on the way in which minerals align in the newly formed rock. These rocks are classified as either foliated or non foliated rocks.
Foliated Rocks
Gneiss rock with red veins. Gneiss is a foliated metamorphic rock. Image credit: LesPalenik/Shutterstock.com
Foliated rocks are rocks where the minerals have become aligned. This is caused by mass amounts of pressure, usually in conjunction with heat, which force the elongated minerals to fall into a foliated pattern. It is this plating process which creates thin layers and directional patterns in the rocks. This sort of layer is very evident in may foliated rocks, such as slate, schist or gneiss. Gneiss can actually be further classified into one of two types: orthogneiss, which is derived from igneous rock, or paragneiss which is made from sedimentary rocks. This means the classification is dependent on the protolith which is used to form the metamorphic rock. For example, when granite undergoes extreme pressure and heat, it can be transformed into a type of gneiss.
Non Foliated Rocks
Aegean seashore and marble rocks in Aliki, Thassos island, Greece. Marble is an example of a non-foliated metamorphic rock. Image credit: Porojnicu Stelian/Shutterstock.com
Non foliated rocks are formed in much the same way as foliated, in that parent rocks undergo extreme conditions in order to be transformed into other forms of rocks. The distinction is in the minerals within the original rock. While foliated rocks are formed where there are elongated minerals, non foliated rocks occur when minerals are irregular or not elongated. When they undergo pressure, the minerals still compress, however they do not align into sheet or platy layers. Examples of non foliated rocks are marble, quartzite and hornfels or soapstone. Marble is a beautiful type of non foliated metamorphic rock which is actually derived from limestone, a carbonated sedimentary rock. Soapstone is an unusual type of rock which is formed when mineral talc, which is rich in magnesium is transformed into a solid, hard rock. Similarly, quartzite is metamorphosized quartz. Like quartz, it maintains a strong crystalline structure, and is very hard and dense.
Metamorphmagus
A Metamorphmagus (pl. Metamorphmagi) is a witch or wizard with the ability to change his or her physical appearance at will, rather than requiring Polyjuice Potion or a spell like the rest of the wizarding population. They are extremely rare.
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The Comparison Between Animagi and Metamorphagi
Also, a Metamorphmagus is born, not made; it is not a skill that can be learned. [1] There also seems to be a degree of heritability, as both Nymphadora Tonks and her son, Teddy Lupin, were Metamorphmagi, although both of Tonks’ parents, Andromeda and Ted, were not. The ability presents very early in life, as Teddy Lupin’s hair changed color when he was a newborn infant, as did his mother’s. [2]
Using Metamorphic Abilities
Nymphadora Tonks changing her facial features.
It is unknown whether Metamorphmagi receive any training in developing their innate skill, or if they simply learn through trial and error themselves; however, given their rarity, it is somewhat unlikely that much training is available. However, Tonks shown that she simply concentrated slightly to change her appearance, so it may be simply what the Metamorphmagi wanted to change into.
It is unknown if Metamorphmagi must register with the Ministry of Magic like Animagi must, as Metamorphmagi did not choose to become what they are, while Animagi did.
Like many other types of magic, a Metamorphmagus’ abilities are affected by his or her emotional state. The person’s appearance at any moment will often reflect the emotion the person is feeling at the time. Strong emotions, such as shock or depression, can affect their abilities to the point of having trouble using them at all. For example, Nymphadora Tonks had difficulty using her abilities when she was depressed over her feelings for Remus Lupin [3] and following Sirius Black’s death.
Metamorphic abilities can be very helpful when it comes to disguises. For example, Nymphadora Tonks was able to put her abilities to use in performing espionage for the Order of the Phoenix. She also got full marks in Concealment and Disguise of her Auror training, inferring this ability can be used for official examinations and competitions. [1]
Etymology
In Greek, «meta» means «change,» «morph» means «shape,» and «magus» (in latin) means «magic or wizard.» Hence, a wizard that can change shape, and the term «Metamorphosis» is the term to describe an animal changing into another animal such as how a caterpillar changes into a butterfly.
Metamorphmagus
At least some content in this article is derived from information featured in: Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery & Harry Potter: Magic Awakened.
As such, spoilers will be present within the article.
A Metamorphmagus (pl. Metamorphmagi) was a witch or wizard with the rare magical ability to change their physical appearance through sheer will alone, without the need of Polyjuice Potion, or a spell, like most of the wizarding population. [1]
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Difference from Animagi
Unlike Animagi, Metamorphmagi could take a wide variety of forms, changing gender and age, potentially looking like anyone at all, or even just changing a part of their appearance, such as the colour of their hair or shape of their noses. [1] Animagi could also transform at will, but only into one animal form which is determined by their inner traits. [2]
Also, a Metamorphmagus was born, not made; it was not a magical skill that can be learned. [1] There also seemed to be a degree of heritability, as both Nymphadora Tonks and her son, Teddy Lupin, were Metamorphmagi, although both of Tonks’ parents, Andromeda and Ted, were not. The ability presented very early in life, as Teddy Lupin’s hair changed colour when he was a newborn infant, as did his mother’s. [3]
Metamorphic usage
Nymphadora Tonks changing her facial features at will and with ease
It is unknown whether Metamorphmagi received any training in developing their innate skill, or if they learnt through trial and error. Given their rarity, it was unlikely that much training was available. However, Nymphadora Tonks showed that she only needed to concentrate a little to change her appearance, so it may be simply a matter of the Metamorphmagi wanting to change. [1] Whilst it was debated whether Animagi transformations and Disapparition required a wand, it seemed that Metamorphmagi did not need theirs to utilise their abilities. Nymphadora Tonks claimed that other wizards needed a wand or potions to transform, meaning Metamorphmagi such as herself were not restricted as such. [1]
It is unknown if Metamorphmagi had to register with the Ministry of Magic like Animagi had to, as Metamorphmagi did not choose to become what they were, while Animagi did. Although unlike Animagi, Metamorphmagi did not possess any distinct markings that come with their transformation, so it would be far more difficult to keep track of them for any signs of ability abuse.
Like many other types of magic, a Metamorphmagus’ abilities were affected by their emotional state. The person’s appearance at any moment would often reflect the emotion the person is feeling at the time. Strong emotions, such as shock or sadness, could affect their abilities to the point of having trouble using them at all. For example, Nymphadora Tonks had difficulty using her abilities following Sirius Black’s death, when she was depressed over her feelings for Remus Lupin. [4]
Metamorphic abilities could be very helpful when it came to disguises. For example, Nymphadora Tonks was able to put her abilities to use in performing espionage for the Order of the Phoenix. She also got full marks in Concealment and Disguise of her Auror training, implying that this ability could be used for official examinations and competitions. [1]
Albus Dumbledore wrote an article examining whether it was possible for Metamorphmagi to use their transformational abilities to disappear without a trace in a 1926 issue of Transfiguration Today. [5]
Metamorphmagi could use their abilities to make themselves look exactly like another person. During her school years at Hogwarts School, Tonks often got detentions for turning into teachers. [6] This also included ghosts. [7] [8]
Nymphadora Tonks
Nymphadora Tonks (Нимфадора Тонкс). Также известная волшебница благодаря книгам и фильмам о «Гарри Поттере». В игре она всё ещё обучается в Хогвартсе. Крайне талантливая и способная, но крайне неусидчивая и неугомонная. Очень часто получает наказания от профессоров, но не переживает по этому поводу.
При достижении максимального уровня дружбы с Тонкс, у вас появится такая же прическа, как у нее.
В таблице ниже приведено количество опыта для каждого уровня дружбы, рекомендуемое количество атрибутов каждого типа, а так же награды за каждый уровень.
Meal with a Friend [ ]
Ниже приведены вопросы с вариантами ответов на английском языке. Обратите внимание, что на некоторые вопросы дается два правильных ответа из трех предлагаемых вариантов, но вам необходимо выбрать лишь один.
Это не полный перечень вопросов. Он будет пополняться.
Play Gobstones [ ]
Ниже приведены вопросы с вариантами ответов на английском языке.
Это не полный перечень вопросов. Он будет пополняться.
Drink Butterbeer [ ]
What’d you reveal with Revelio? +A hidden staircase+
What clues did you find? +Footsteps in the cursed corridor+; +A Transfigured Black Quill+
What guarded the Cursed Vault? +An Ice Knight+; +An enchanted door+
Это не полный перечень вопросов. Он будет пополняться.
What is MSG and How is it Made?
What is MSG?
A popular seasoning and flavor enhancer, MSG, or monosodium glutamate, is the purest form of umami, the fifth taste. MSG (monosodium glutamate) is widely used to intensify and enhance umami flavors in sauces, broths, soups and many more foods. It can also be used as a partial replacement for salt, containing just one-third the sodium, and is classed as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization. Originally associated mainly with Asian cuisines, MSG (monosodium glutamate) is now used around the world to bring out the delicious flavor of foods.
Umami and MSG are two sides of the same coin: they both give us the same taste experience, both with glutamate. The glutamate in MSG is chemically indistinguishable from the glutamate present in animal and plant proteins, and our bodies metabolize both sources of glutamate in the same way. Think of salt and saltiness. Many foods taste salty, but a pinch of salt on your tongue gives you the purest taste of saltiness. When you eat MSG it triggers only one taste sensation–umami.
The Ajinomoto Group has produced the odorless white crystalline powder known as MSG for over a century, and today it is found in kitchen cupboards worldwide.
What is MSG made of?
Today, the MSG (monosodium glutamate) produced by the Ajinomoto Group is produced through fermentation of plant-based ingredients such as sugar cane, sugar beets, cassava or corn. MSG is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the most common naturally occurring amino acids. Glutamic acid is produced in abundance in our bodies and found in many foods we eat every day, including meat, fish, eggs and dairy products, as well as tomatoes, corn and nuts. When a protein containing glutamic acid is broken down, for example through fermentation, it becomes glutamate. Glutamate activates our taste receptors, eliciting the delicious savory taste known as umami.
How is MSG made?
One evening over dinner in 1908, one of the Ajinomoto Group’s founders, biochemist Dr. Kikunae Ikeda, asked his wife a question that would change the history of food: What gave her vegetable and tofu soup its delicious meaty flavor? Mrs. Ikeda pointed to the dried seaweed called kombu, or kelp, that she used to make her traditional Japanese dashi, or broth. Inspired by this revelation, Dr. Ikeda set to work. Evaporating and treating his wife’s kombu broth, he was able to extract a crystalline compound, which turned out to be glutamic acid. Tasting the crystals, he recognized a distinct savory flavor he dubbed umami, based on the Japanese word umai (delicious). Dr. Ikeda soon filed a patent to produce umami in an easy-to-use form: MSG (monosodium glutamate).
The following year, the Ajinomoto Group got its start as MSG was launched on the Japanese market. At first it was produced through the hydrolysis of gluten to extract wheat protein. Then in the 1930s there was a shift to extracting MSG from soy beans. In the 1960s production moved to the bacterial fermentation of sugar cane and similar crops in a process much like the way cheese, yogurt and wine are produced.
How does the fermentation process work?
Fermentation has been used by humans for centuries as a way to preserve foods and enhance their taste. MSG (monosodium glutamate) is made of naturally occurring substances through a modern version of that process, with the help of microbes that transform feedstocks like sugarcane into food products. First the sugarcane is extracted as glucose and sent to a fermentation tank, to which fermentative microbes are then added. These microbes consume the glucose, releasing glutamic acid, which though neutralization is turned into a solution that contains MSG. This solution is then decolorized and filtered, resulting in a pure MSG solution. This pure solution is crystallized using an evaporator and the crystals dried to produce the final product—MSG. The entire process has a very small environmental footprint, as its coproducts can be returned to the soil in the form of fertilizer to help grow more crops like sugarcane, forming a virtuous cycle.
MSG can be the key to reducing sodium content
Simple table salt, sodium chloride, is one of the biggest contributors to cardiovascular disease. Reducing average salt intake by 30% has been adopted as a target by the World Health Organization. The use of monosodium glutamate (MSG) can be the key to reducing sodium content without sacrificing taste.
Taste is a major driver of excess salt intake. Although MSG is mistakenly thought of as being high in sodium, it contains just one third the sodium of table salt (MSG contains approximately 12 percent sodium while table salt contains 39 percent sodium) It can enhance the perception of saltiness while preserving palatability. With the addition of MSG, sodium level in the food can be lowered by up to 40 percent while maintaining the flavor.
Research has also shown that umami-eliciting compounds like MSG can be used to reduce sodium 11% in chicken broth and 32.5% in spicy soups. Sodium reduction in butter, margarine and cheeses can also be achieved with MSG, and a similar approach could work in meat products. MSG could also be used in snack foods and condiments, for example helping reduce the sodium content of Brazilian garlic and salt spice seasonings by up to 50%.
MSG has been classed as safe by the US FDA and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The use of MSG may help food scientists reduce sodium content without sacrificing taste, in addition to creating new, cost-effective, reduced-salt products and menus that will encourage consumers to make healthier choices.
Is MSG Safe?
The safety of MSG (monosodium glutamate), the main ingredient of AJI-NO-MOTO®, has been affirmed by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) and the American Chemical Society (ACS).