How emotions are made

Как рождаются эмоции

Революция в понимании мозга и управлении эмоциями

The Secret Life of the Brain

Как рождаются эмоции

Революция в понимании мозга и управлении эмоциями

The Secret Life of the Brain

О книге

Лиза Барретт проливает свет на потрясающую науку о наших эмоциях и показывает, почему она важна для таких разных областей жизни как здоровье, воспитание детей или романтические отношения.

Классический взгляд на эмоции говорит, что у нас в мозгу есть много таких эмоциональных цепей, и каждая вызывает собственный набор изменений, то есть особый отпечаток. Возможно, надоедливый коллега включает ваши «нейроны гнева», так что у вас поднимается давление, вы злитесь, кричите и чувствуете ярость. Или рассказ о тревожных новостях инициирует ваши «нейроны страха», так что сердце бьется чаще, вас знобит, и вы ощущаете приступ страха.

Но сотни экспериментов подвергают классическую теорию сомнению. Новая теория конструированных эмоций гласит, что ваши эмоции не встроены, а составлены из базовых частей. Они не универсальны, а различны для разных культур. Они не запускаются; вы их создаете. Они возникают как комбинация физических свойств вашего тела, гибкого мозга, который связывает себя со средой, где они развиваются, и вашей культурой и воспитанием, которые обеспечивают такую среду. Эмоции реальны, но не в том объективном смысле, в котором реальны молекулы или нейроны. Они реальны в том же смысле, в котором реальны деньги — то есть едва ли иллюзия, но скорее продукт соглашения людей.

Мы находимся в разгаре революции в нашем понимании эмоций, разума и мозга. Революции, которая может заставить нас радикально переосмыслить такие центральные догматы, как лечение психических и физических заболеваний, понимание личных взаимоотношений, подход к воспитанию детей и в конечном итоге наш взгляд на самих себя.

Автор этой книги — профессор психологии — объединила знания об эмоциях, открытиях нейробиологии, социальной психологии и философии, и доступным языком рассказала о новой теории и многочисленных аспектах эмоций, которые мы испытываем и с которыми сталкиваемся каждый день.

Для кого эта книга

Для всех, кто интересуется устройством человеческого мозга и природой наших эмоций.

How emotions are made

How to measure emotions of respondents

I regularly get this question from clients: “How do we measure the emotions of our respondents?” At this point, I explain that in order to get a good picture of the respondents’ emotional response, you can use The Observer XT to monitor their overt behavior, FaceReader to measure their facial expressions, and psychophysiological measures to get an idea of what occurs on the inside.

After data has been acquired using one of these tools, another question often pops up: “Why does FaceReader measure so much anger? Our product / website was not designed to elicit anger?!”

How emotions are made

Total confusion

The first time I got this question, I was also confused. Surely the respondents were not truly angry, so why would they show an angry facial expression? It wasn’t until I read Lisa Feldman Barrett’s book “How Emotions Are Made (The Secret Life of the Brain)” that I fully understood how the classical view on emotions causes this confusion.

In this well-written book, Dr. Barrett convincingly argues that the classical view on emotions and how our brain works is based on a number of flawed premises that have been disproven by neuroscience research in the last two decades. Two flawed assumptions about emotions and our brain are:

First of all: read the book! Dr. Barrett does such a great job in explaining how our brain works and how emotions are made.

Emotions are created by our brain

Neuroscience research in past decades has shown that emotions do not have ‘fingerprints’ in the brain. Different networks in the brain can create the same emotion. And yes, emotions are created by our brain. It is the way our brain gives meaning to bodily sensations based on past experience. Different core networks all contribute at different levels to feelings such as happiness, surprise, sadness and anger.

Figure 1. Picture of seven core networks that form ingredients for the ‘recipe’ for feeling anger. A line closer to the perimeter of the circle indicates that this network shows a higher activity for the feeling of anger (this picture is a screenshot from a video created by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, hmhco.com).

What is going on: sensing and past experience

Let me try to explain a bit more. The interoceptive network in the brain continuously monitors your bodily sensations: your heart beating, your lungs filling/emptying, your intestines working, and your stomach (slightly) aching. Your brain (locked in its dark, silent box we call the skull) tries to figure out what these bodily sensations mean based on both the information it receives from the outside world through your senses and based on past experience.

Figure 2. Picture representing how our brain (stuck inside the dark box called skull) uses current and past information to make sense of what is going on. Information from the outside world comes in through the senses (air pressure, light, chemicals). Information from the inside world (aches, shivers, tightness) comes in via the interoceptive network. Past experiences are stored in the brain (this picture is an adapted screenshot from a video created by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, hmhco.com).

The main task of the brain is to keep you alive and well. To achieve this, it constantly monitors your inner and outer world and redistributes energy to the body part that currently needs it the most. While monitoring the outside world, the brain is not just a passive spectator.

Neuroscience research has shown that the brain actually predicts and simulates the outside world. For this, our brain uses concepts. For example, when I mention the word/concept ‘apple,’ your brain immediately pictures an apple. It might be red, or green, and your brain might even simulate the touch of the smooth surface against your hand. If you’re hungry while reading this, try simulating the crunchy sensation and sweet/tangy taste when taking a bite out of your simulated apple.

Figure 3. Schematic representation of the brain’s basic process of monitoring the world. Based on ‘concepts’ that are built by past experiences it predicts and simulates the outside world. Your brain then compares the simulation with the real-world situation coming in via sensory input. If there is a mismatch, either the concept is changed, or the sensory input (see the snake-example below) (this picture is a screenshot from a video created by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, hmhco.com).

Let’s apply this to emotions. For example, you take a walk through a forest, and you suddenly hear/see the rustling of leaves. Based on past experiences, your brain predicts what’s going on. In this case, there might be a snake nearby in the bushes. Your brain starts to simulate the sights and sounds of a snake and prepares your body for action, i.e. running away as fast as you can.

To this aim, your heart rate goes up, you start breathing more deeply, and you start to feel agitated. The meaning your brain gives to this feeling might be ‘fear’ (which can be considered as just another brain concept, just like, ‘apple,’ ‘mother,’ ‘dog,’ or ‘chair’).

Three possible behaviors as outcome

There are three possible outcomes of this situation. A snake slithers out from underneath the bushes, and you make a run for it. Fear was your brain’s best guess for what just caused your bodily sensations.

The second possible outcome is that there is no snake, and it was just the wind. In this case, your brain corrects it prediction (a snake in the bushes), your body calms down again, and you make sense of your agitated feeling in some other way.

The third less likely but still possible outcome is that there actually is no snake but you still see one. In this case, your brain does not correct the prediction (see outcome two), but your brain’s simulation overrules the sensory input.

What does our brain tell us?

To sum it all up, according to Lisa Barrett our brain continuously produces predictions and simulations, and so we experience a world of our own creation held in check by our sensory world. Our brain gives meaning to our experiences/sensations through concepts such as emotions.

Can we possibly measure emotions / the emotional state of a person? Stay tuned for a series of blogs that will address the question: How to measure emotions.

How Emotions Are Made

How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain

The groundbreaking book that has revolutionized our understanding of the human mind.

Why do emotions feel automatic and uncontrollable? Does rational thought really control emotion? How does emotion affect disease? How can you make your children more emotionally intelligent? How Emotions Are Made answers these questions and many more, revealing the latest research and intriguing practical applications of the new science of emotion, mind, and brain.

Today, the science of emotion is in the midst of a revolution on par with the discovery of relativity in physics and natural selection in biology — and this paradigm shift has immense implications for us all. Leading the charge is psychologist and neuroscientist Lisa Feldman Barrett, whose theory of emotion is driving a deeper understanding of the mind and brain and sheds new light on what it means to be human. Her research overturns the widely held belief that emotions live in distinct parts of the brain and are universally expressed and recognized. Instead, she has shown that emotion is constructed in the moment, by core systems that interact across the whole brain, aided by a lifetime of learning.

This new theory means that you play a much greater role in your emotional life than you ever thought. Its repercussions are already shaking the foundations not only of psychology but also of medicine, the legal system, child-rearing, meditation, and even airport security.

Praise for How Emotions Are Made:

“How Emotions are Made did what all great books do. It took a subject I thought I understood and turned my understanding upside down.”
— Malcolm Gladwell

“Ms. Barrett writes clearly, with compelling examples and stories, and helps bring us all up to speed on most of the major developments in the field of emotion studies. [Her] book is a thought-provoking journey into emotion science.”
— Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2017

“[Barrett’s] book, chock-full of startling, science-backed findings, is an entertaining and engaging read.”
— Forbes, March 8, 2017

[STARRED REVIEW] “Prepare to have your brain twisted around as psychology professor Barrett takes it on a tour of itself. Her enthusiasm for her topic brightens every amazing fact and theory about where our emotions come from.”
— Booklist Reviews, February 15, 2017

“Most of us make our way through the world without thinking a lot about what we bring to our encounters with it. Lisa Feldman Barrett does—and what she has to say about our perceptions and emotions is pretty mind-blowing.”
— Elle, March 2017

“FIVE STARS. The depth with which Barrett describes [the nature of emotion] is truly remarkable. [She] ties together the many facets of emotional concerns and makes them accessible to the average reader. […] Down-to-earth and a delight to read.”
— Seattle Book Review, March 2017

[STARRED REVIEW] “A well-argued, entertaining disputation of the prevailing view that emotion and reason are at odds. [Barrett contends that] we are responsible for our individual actions, of course, but we also bear responsibility for working to eliminate racial prejudice, gender stereotyping, and the like from our society…. [This] has important legal as well as moral implications and leads into the thorny questions surrounding free will. A highly informative, readable, and wide-ranging discussion.”
—Kirkus Reviews, January 2017

[STARRED REVIEW] “[Barrett] presents a new neuroscientific explanation of why people are more swayed by feelings than by facts. [She] progressively builds her case, writing in a conversational tone and using down-to-earth metaphors… [Her] theories of emotion and the human brain set forth here are revolutionary….”
—Library Journal, January 2017

“A brilliant and original book on the science of emotion, by the deepest thinker about this topic since Darwin.”
—Daniel Gilbert, best-selling author of Stumbling on Happiness

“This meticulous, well-researched, and deeply thought out book reveals new insights about our emotions—what they are, where they come from, why we have them. For anyone who has struggled to reconcile brain and heart, this book will be a treasure; it explains the science without short-changing the humanism of its topic.”
— Andrew Solomon, best-selling author of Far From the Tree and The Noonday Demon

“How Emotions Are Made is a provocative, insightful, and engaging analysis of the fascinating ways that our brains create our emotional lives, convincingly linking cutting edge neuroscience studies with everyday emotions. You won’t think about emotions in the same way after you read this important book.”
—Daniel L. Schacter, author of The Seven Sins of Memory

“After reading How Emotions Are Made, I will never think about emotions the same way again. Lisa Barrett opens up a whole new terrain for fighting gender stereotypes and making better policy.”
—Anne-Marie Slaughter, author of Unfinished Business

“Ever wonder where your emotions come from? Lisa Barrett, a world expert in the psychology of emotion, has written the definitive field guide to feelings and the neuroscience behind them.”
—Angela Duckworth, best-selling author of Grit

“We all harbor an intuition about emotions: that the way you experience joy, fear or anger happens automatically and is pretty much the same as a Kalahari hunter-gatherer. In this excellent new book, Lisa Barrett draws on contemporary research to offer a radically different picture: that the experience of emotion is highly individualized, neurobiologically idiosyncratic, and inseparable from cognition. This is a provocative, accessible, important book.”
—Robert Sapolsky, author of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers and A Primate’s Memoir

“Everything you thought you knew about what you feel and why you feel it turns out to be stunningly wrong. Lisa Barrett illuminates the fascinating new science of our emotions, offering real-world examples of why it matters in realms as diverse as health, parenting, romantic relationships and national security.”
—Peggy Orenstein, author of Girls & Sex

“What if everything you thought you knew about lust, anger, grief, and joy was wrong? Lisa Barrett is one of the psychology’s wisest and most creative scientists and her theory of constructed emotion is radical and fascinating. Through vivid examples and sharp, clear prose, How Emotions are Made defends a bold new vision of the most central aspects of human nature.”
—Paul Bloom, author of Against Empathy and How Pleasure Works

“Lisa Barrett writes with great clarity about how your emotions are not merely about what you’re born with, but also about how your brain pieces your feelings together, and how you can contribute to the process. She tells a compelling story.”
—Joseph LeDoux, author of Anxious and Synaptic Self

“How Emotions Are Made offers a grand new conception of emotions—what they are, where they come from, and (most importantly) what they aren’t. Brain science is the art of the counterintuitive and Lisa Barrett has a remarkable capacity to make the counterintuitive comprehensible. This book will have you smacking your forehead wondering why it took so long to think this way about the brain.”
—Stuart Firestein, author of Failure: Why Science is So Successful and Ignorance: How It Drives Science

“Lisa Barrett masterfully integrates discoveries from affective science, neuroscience, social psychology, and philosophy to make sense of the many instances of emotion that you experience and witness each day. How Emotions are Made will help you remake your life, giving you new lenses to see familiar feelings—from anxiety to love—anew.”
—Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and Love 2.0

“Every lawyer and judge doing serious criminal trials should read this book. We all grapple with the concepts of free will, emotional impulses, and criminal intent, but here these topics are exposed to a new scrutiny and old assumptions are challenged. The interface of law and brain science is suddenly the area we ought to be debating.”
—Baroness Helena Kennedy, QC, House of Lords, U.K.

“Extraordinarily well written, Lisa Barrett’s How Emotions are Made chronicles a paradigm shift in the science of emotion. But more than just a chronicle, this book is a brilliant work of translation, translating the new neuroscience of emotion into understandable and readable terms. Since that science has profound implications in areas as disparate as police shootings and TSA profiling, the translation is critical for scientists and citizens, lawmakers and physicians. (For example, what if there is no meaningful scientific difference between premeditated murder, the product of rational thought, which we consider most culpable, and the lesser offense of manslaughter, a ‘crime of passion?’) Emotions do not reside in dedicated brain areas, constantly at war with areas charged with cognition or perception, as Pixar caricatured it in Inside out, let alone the brain described by Descartes or Plato or other philosophers. Nor does the brain passively retrieve data from “outside” to which it reacts. The brain constructs the reality it perceives, and the emotions it (and we) experience, using core brain systems, not specialized circuits. And it does so in concert with other brains, with the culture surrounding it. The implications of this work (‘only’ challenging two thousand year old assumptions about the brain) and its ambitions are nothing short of stunning. Even more stunning is how extraordinarily well it succeeds.”
—Nancy Gertner, Senior Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, and former U.S. federal judge for the United States District Court of Massachusetts

“How Emotions are Made is a Tour de Force in the quest to understand how we perceive, judge and decide. It lays the groundwork to address many of the mysteries of human behavior. I look forward to how this more accurate view of emotion will help my clients in athletics and trading.”
—Denise K. Shull, MA, Founder and CEO, The ReThink Group

“With How Emotions Are Made, Lisa Feldman Barrett has set the terms of debate for emotion theory in the 21^st century. In clear, readable prose, she invites us to question both lay and expert understandings of what emotions are—and she musters an impressive body of data to suggest new answers. Barrett’s theory of how we construct emotions has major implications for law, including the myth of dispassionate judging. Her “affective science manifesto for the legal system” deserves to be taken seriously by theorists and practitioners alike.
—Terry A. Maroney, Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University

“Lisa Feldman Barrett is a leading expert on the psychology of emotion, and in How Emotions Are Made, she lays out her revolutionary ideas about our seemingly innate human reactions in accessible and truly compelling chapters. The theories in this book have far-reaching implications, but there are also immediate takeaways for anyone who has struggled to make sense of their emotions.”
—Powell’s Books staff pick

Extended endnotes for How Emotions are Made

This site accompanies the book How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017). Here you can find:

This site is not a standalone reference on emotion, however. You’ll need the book to understand the material fully.

New book! Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain

Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain is now available! It’s a collection of short essays about your brain and how it makes you human. Call it the world’s first neuroscience “beach read.”

Locating endnotes

If the book refers you a web endnote like this:

Praise for How Emotions are Made

«How Emotions are Made did what all great books do. It took a subject I thought I understood and turned my understanding upside down.»
— Malcolm Gladwell, bestselling author of David and Goliath and Outliers

«A brilliant and original book on the science of emotion, by the deepest thinker about this topic since Darwin.»
— Daniel Gilbert, best-selling author of Stumbling on Happiness

«Barrett’s is a singular book, remarkable for the freshness of its ideas and the boldness and clarity with which they are presented.»
—Scientific American Mind, May 2017

«Fascinating. If you want to read emotions better, read this book.»
—Harper’s Bazaar, March 2017

«Ms. Barrett writes clearly, with compelling examples and stories, and helps bring us all up to speed on most of the major developments in the field of emotion studies. [Her] book is a thought-provoking journey into emotion science.»
— Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2017

STARRED REVIEW. “Prepare to have your brain twisted around as psychology professor Barrett takes it on a tour of itself. Her enthusiasm for her topic brightens every amazing fact and theory about where our emotions come from.”
— Booklist Reviews, February 15, 2017

«FIVE STARS. The depth with which Barrett describes [the nature of emotion] is truly remarkable. [She] ties together the many facets of emotional concerns and makes them accessible to the average reader. [. ] Down-to-earth and a delight to read.»
— Seattle Book Review, March 2017

«[Barrett’s] book, chock-full of startling, science-backed findings, is an entertaining and engaging read.»
— Forbes, March 8, 2017

STARRED REVIEW. «[Barrett] presents a new neuroscientific explanation of why people are more swayed by feelings than by facts. She offers an unintuitive theory that goes against not only the popular understanding but also that of traditional research: emotions don’t arise; rather, we construct them on the fly. Furthermore, emotions are neither universal nor located in specific brain regions; they vary by culture and result from dynamic neuronal networks. These networks run nonstop simulations, making predictions and correcting them based on the environment rather than reacting to it. Tracing her own journey from the classical view of emotions, Barrett progressively builds her case, writing in a conversational tone and using down-to-earth metaphors, relegating the heaviest neuroscience to an appendix to keep the book accessible. Still, it is a lot to take in if one has not been exposed to these ideas before. VERDICT: The theories of emotion and the human brain set forth here are revolutionary and have important implications. For readers interested in psychology and neuroscience as well as those involved in education and policy.»
— Library Journal, January 2017

STARRED REVIEW. «A well-argued, entertaining disputation of the prevailing view that emotion and reason are at odds. [Barrett contents that] we are responsible for our individual actions, of course, but we also bear responsibility for working to eliminate racial prejudice, gender stereotyping, and the like from our society. [This] has important legal as well as moral implications and leads into the thorny questions surrounding free will. A highly informative, readable, and wide-ranging discussion.»
— Kirkus Reviews, January 2017

«Most of us make our way through the world without thinking a lot about what we bring to our encounters with it. Lisa Feldman Barrett does—and what she has to say about our perceptions and emotions is pretty mind-blowing.»
— Elle, March 2017

«This meticulous, well-researched, and deeply thought out book reveals new insights about our emotions—what they are, where they come from, why we have them. For anyone who has struggled to reconcile brain and heart, this book will be a treasure; it explains the science without short-changing the humanism of its topic.»
— Andrew Solomon, best-selling author of Far From the Tree and The Noonday Demon

«Ever wonder where your emotions come from? Lisa Barrett, a world expert in the psychology of emotion, has written the definitive field guide to feelings and the neuroscience behind them.»
— Angela Duckworth, best-selling author of Grit

«We all harbor an intuition about emotions: that the way you experience joy, fear or anger happens automatically and is pretty much the same as a Kalahari hunter-gatherer. In this excellent new book, Lisa Barrett draws on contemporary research to offer a radically different picture: that the experience of emotion is highly individualized, neurobiologically idiosyncratic, and inseparable from cognition. This is a provocative, accessible, important book.»
— Robert Sapolsky, author of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers and A Primate’s Memoir

«Everything you thought you knew about what you feel and why you feel it turns out to be stunningly wrong. Lisa Barrett illuminates the fascinating new science of our emotions, offering real-world examples of why it matters in realms as diverse as health, parenting, romantic relationships and national security.»
— Peggy Orenstein, author of Girls & Sex

«After reading How Emotions Are Made, I will never think about emotions the same way again. Lisa Barrett opens up a whole new terrain for fighting gender stereotypes and making better policy.»
— Anne-Marie Slaughter, author of Unfinished Business

«What if everything you thought you knew about lust, anger, grief, and joy was wrong? Lisa Barrett is one of the psychology’s wisest and most creative scientists and her theory of constructed emotion is radical and fascinating. Through vivid examples and sharp, clear prose, How Emotions are Made defends a bold new vision of the most central aspects of human nature.»
— Paul Bloom, author of Against Empathy and How Pleasure Works

«Lisa Barrett writes with great clarity about how your emotions are not merely about what you’re born with, but also about how your brain pieces your feelings together, and how you can contribute to the process. She tells a compelling story.»
— Joseph LeDoux, author of Anxious and Synaptic Self

«How Emotions Are Made offers a grand new conception of emotions—what they are, where they come from, and (most importantly) what they aren’t. Brain science is the art of the counterintuitive and Lisa Barrett has a remarkable capacity to make the counterintuitive comprehensible. This book will have you smacking your forehead wondering why it took so long to think this way about the brain.»
— Stuart Firestein, author of Failure: Why Science is So Successful and Ignorance: How It Drives Science

«How Emotions Are Made is a provocative, insightful, and engaging analysis of the fascinating ways that our brains create our emotional lives, convincingly linking cutting edge neuroscience studies with everyday emotions. You won’t think about emotions in the same way after you read this important book.»
— Daniel L. Schacter, author of The Seven Sins of Memory​

«Lisa Barrett masterfully integrates discoveries from affective science, neuroscience, social psychology, and philosophy to make sense of the many instances of emotion that you experience and witness each day. How Emotions are Made will help you remake your life, giving you new lenses to see familiar feelings—from anxiety to love—anew.»
— Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and Love 2.0​

«Every lawyer and judge doing serious criminal trials should read this book. We all grapple with the concepts of free will, emotional impulses, and criminal intent, but here these topics are exposed to a new scrutiny and old assumptions are challenged. The interface of law and brain science is suddenly the area we ought to be debating.»
— Baroness Helena Kennedy, QC, House of Lords, U.K.​

«Extraordinarily well written, Lisa Barrett’s How Emotions are Made chronicles a paradigm shift in the science of emotion. But more than just a chronicle, this book is a brilliant work of translation, translating the new neuroscience of emotion into understandable and readable terms. Since that science has profound implications in areas as disparate as police shootings and TSA profiling, the translation is critical for scientists and citizens, lawmakers and physicians. (For example, what if there is no meaningful scientific difference between premeditated murder, the product of rational thought, which we consider most culpable, and the lesser offense of manslaughter, a ‘crime of passion?’) Emotions do not reside in dedicated brain areas, constantly at war with areas charged with cognition or perception, as Pixar caricatured it in Inside Out, let alone the brain described by Descartes or Plato or other philosophers. Nor does the brain passively retrieve data from ‘outside’ to which it reacts. The brain constructs the reality it perceives, and the emotions it (and we) experience, using core brain systems, not specialized circuits. And it does so in concert with other brains, with the culture surrounding it. The implications of this work (‘only’ challenging two thousand year old assumptions about the brain) and its ambitions are nothing short of stunning. Even more stunning is how extraordinarily well it succeeds.»
— Nancy Gertner, Senior Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, and former U.S. federal judge for the United States District Court of Massachusetts

“How Emotions are Made is a Tour de Force in the quest to understand how we perceive, judge and decide. It lays the groundwork to address many of the mysteries of human behavior. I look forward to how this more accurate view of emotion will help my clients in athletics and trading.”
— Denise K. Shull, MA, Founder and CEO, The ReThink Group

«With How Emotions Are Made, Lisa Feldman Barrett has set the terms of debate for emotion theory in the 21^st century. In clear, readable prose, she invites us to question both lay and expert understandings of what emotions are—and she musters an impressive body of data to suggest new answers. Barrett’s theory of how we construct emotions has major implications for law, including the myth of dispassionate judging. Her “affective science manifesto for the legal system” deserves to be taken seriously by theorists and practitioners alike.»
— Terry A. Maroney, Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University

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