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Tip: Remember the acronym CUPS to monitor for alcohol poisoning: C for clammy or blue skin, U for unconsciousness, P for puking uncontrollably, and S for slow or irregular breathing. If the drunk person has any of these signs, get them to a hospital immediately.

When to use «drank» and «drunk»

I am a bit confused in using drank and drunk. I know we use it with past tense but not when to use drank and when to use drunk. What are the better ways to use these?

I visited this, too, but it does not explain when to use which form. What scenarios best suit each form?

4 Answers 4

This is a tense question, (but should not cause anxiety!)

drink is the simple present tense:

«I drink the wine.»

drank is the simple past tense:

«I drank the wine yesterday.»

drunk is the past participle, used in the perfect and pluperfect tenses of the verb.

«I had drunk the wine before you arrived.»

No. The question-form of the present and past simple tenses is constructed with DO:

If you ask your question during the course of the day, you ask «How much water have you drunk today?» The present perfect suggests that ‘today’ is not yet over and that ‘you’ may drink some more water.

If you ask your question after the day is effectively over, for example, when you are in bed, you could ask «How much water did you drink today?» The drinking is seen as past.

If you are unsure about how to use the three stem forms, also called basic forms, of irregular verbs you should try to get a basic grammar of English where such things are explained. This topic is really one of the important things of grammar.

The three stem forms of to do are: do/did/done. And there are two special forms: does and don’t (mostly not mentioned in lists of irregular verbs).

With the second stem form «did» you can only form the past tense: I did not know it.

You use the third stem form «done» for the so-called perfect tenses:

I have/had/will have/would have + done.

The third stem form is also used in all passive tenses: tense forms of to be + done:

Tenses I: The work is/was/will be/would be + done

Tenses II: The work has been/had been/will have been/would have been + done.

The third stem form is a participle meaning it has a double function. It can have verbal character and it can be used as an adjective.

PS I say «stem forms» because all verbal forms «stem» from these three forms. It is up to you which term you use. English grammars mostly use basic forms.

How much fluid should I drink if I have COVID-19?

December 22, 2020

This article has not been updated recently

Dr Chase Ng Peng Yun, a junior doctor, shares his tips for staying hydrated if you have COVID-19.

We know it’s important to stay hydrated to stay healthy, but it’s even more important to keep our fluids up when we’re sick as we lose lots of water when our bodies fight infection. At the same time, drinking too much liquid can also be very dangerous so, here’s my advice for staying hydrated if you have COVID-19, or any other illness.  ‍

‍How much do you need to drink every day?‍

A general rule of thumb is that a healthy individual needs to drink around 25 to 30 millilitres of fluid per kilogram of bodyweight every day to stay hydrated.В

So someone who weighs 60 kilos will need to drink a minimum of 1.5 litres (6 cups) of fluid, while someone weighing 80 kilos will need to drink 2 litres (8 cups).В В

So, if you have a fever (a key symptom associated with COVID-19) we recommend drinking an extra 500 ml (2 cups) of fluid a day. And if you have diarrhea or vomiting, you should also make sure you’re replacing that lost water by sipping more drinks through the day.  ‍

How do I know if I am dehydrated?‍

Learn how to listen to your body and spot the signs of dehydration. Look out for:

To stay hydrated, make sure you’re drinking enough that your pee is a clear pale yellowy colour throughout the day.

It’s best to drink plain water where possible, rather than lots of soft drinks or juices. Avoid excessive amounts of tea, coffee and alcohol as they can make you more dehydrated.

Seek urgent medical attention if you are constantly dizzy, become confused, have fits (seizures) or have not peed all day.

While it’s important to stay hydrated, be careful not to overdo it. Drinking excessive amounts of fluid doesn’t improve your health or ‘flush out an illness’, and it can be very dangerous.В

Water intoxication, if untreated, can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, coma and death.

If you’ve been drinking an unusually large amount of liquid, such as a few litres of fluid every hour for several hours, look out for these signs of overhydration:В

Some of these symptoms are very similar to those of dehydration, but the key difference is the colour and volume of your pee. Drinking a lot of water will cause frequent peeing and your urine will be very pale, almost water like.

‘How much water should I drink?’
Use our hydration chart to assess if you’re getting enough water.

Every month, tens of thousands of people ask Google:

“How much water should I drink?”

And Google points them to stories that go something like this:

“Most people are dehydrated—and they don’t know it.”

They list headaches, constipation, bad breath, and other dehydration dangers. And they encourage you to guzzle water, lest you dry up like a sad raisin.

In reality, however, the answer to “how much water should I drink?” is incredibly short and simple:

If you’re thirsty, drink something. If you’re not thirsty, don’t worry about it.

Sooo… why doesn’t this article end right here?

Because there are a few exceptions.

(And maybe you’re one of those exceptions. Feel free to skip ahead if you’re an athlete or exerciser, you’re pregnant, or you’re over the age of 65.)

Plus, I’m guessing you might not believe that staying hydrated is so simple.

So let’s walk through how much water you should drink together.

Want to know exactly what to drink?

Download our complete guide to liquid nutrition. You’ll learn:

Consider this visual resource the uncomplicated answer to every question you (or your clients) have ever had about what to drink.

Why do you need water?

You might’ve already heard:

Your body is more than 60 percent water.

It uses that fluid for some obvious things—blood, sweat, tears—and some less obvious things: regulating body temperature, helping your body make hormones, and stopping your brain from smashing into your skull when you’re doing burpees.

It’s true that chronic dehydration can raise your risk for a host of problems no one wants to have: kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and negative cognitive and physical performance. 1

But there’s a difference between chronic dehydration (being mildly dehydrated a lot of the time) and acute dehydration (which is more severe, and requires timely intervention).

Most people are not chronically dehydrated.

When I give workshops, I often go through client case studies—asking the audience to tell me what they would suggest.

Without fail, someone raises their hand and proclaims: “The first thing I’d do is have them drink more water.”

That’s when they tell me: “Well, most people are dehydrated.”

This is a misconception. According to the Center of Disease Control’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the average US adult easily meets—and even surpasses—their water needs. 2

Thirst: Actually a pretty reliable sense.

Most people are like my new puppy, Charley.

Charley drinks when she’s thirsty, and she does just fine—no special formulas or calculations required.

And our sense of thirst works just as exquisitely.

A part of our brain, called the lamina terminus, monitors blood volume and blood osmolality (the ratio of salt to liquid), among other factors, to determine whether the body needs more or less fluid. If blood volume drops and osmolality rises, the brain turns up that dry feeling in our tongues and throats. 3

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How much water do you need?

Humans need about 3 liters (101 ounces) of fluid per day, though the exact amount will vary from person to person.

Depending on someone’s diet, about 34 ounces (1 liter) of that will probably come from food, especially if they’re eating watery foods like veggies, fruit, prepared oatmeal, or yogurt.

That leaves about 2 liters (67 ounces) to get from beverages.

So the old “drink 8 cups of water a day”—which adds up to 64 ounces—is actually a pretty good general rule.

How much water you need will depend on a range of factors, like age, weight, health status, and activity level, to name a few. If you’re small and sedentary, you might need less than 3 liters. If you’re in a larger body and also exercise in a hot humid environment, you’ll need more.

That’s why thirst is probably a much better gauge than forcing yourself to guzzle a predetermined volume.

Unless, however, you’re an athlete, elderly, or pregnant.

Does coffee really dehydrate you?

Caffeine increases fluid output somewhat, which shouldn’t come as a surprise to anyone who’s ever had a cup of coffee before boarding a flight. (Damn you, airport cappuccino.)

Those extra trips to the restroom, however, don’t necessarily lead to dehydration.

In one study, researchers asked men to drink either four cups of coffee or four cups of water.

Though the coffee drinkers produced slightly more urine over 24 hours, they were no less hydrated than the water drinkers. 4 Other research found the same with cola. 5

Bottom line: A cup of coffee, tea, or cola are just as hydrating for you as the same amount of water.

(For more about the pros and cons of coffee, see: All About Coffee.)

How much water should athletes and exercisers drink?

Though your thirst mechanism works well during rest, it doesn’t function as well during activity.

We’ve known this since the 1930s when researchers asked a man and a dog to walk just under 20 miles (32 km) in the 104F (40C) heat of Boulder City, Nevada. Both the man and the dog could drink whenever they wanted. But only the dog finished well hydrated. The man, on the other hand, lost about 6 pounds (3 kg) of his body mass through water loss. 6

Research shows that, when people doing intense exercise rely on thirst alone, they tend to under consume fluid, replacing only about half of what they lose. 7

People can lose 1-2 percent of their body weight very quickly when they’re exercising intensely in a hot, humid environment. That’s enough to raise heart rate, body temperature, and your perception of effort. 8 For aerobic efforts, like cycling, it’ll also slow you down. 9

In addition to the liter of fluid you get from food, consume at least 3 liters (101 ounces) of fluid on the days that you exercise.

That breaks down as follows:

During long-duration and/or intense exercise, of course, you lose more than just water. This includes sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes—and it’s important to replace those, too. Otherwise you risk hyponatremia (sodium deficiency).

So, instead of plain water, consume an electrolyte beverage (such as a sports drink) for exercise lasting more than an hour in intense heat and/or humidity or more than two hours in any condition.

How much water should you drink during pregnancy?

When you’re growing a human, your blood volume increases, which boosts your overall fluid needs.

As a general rule of thumb, you’ll want to consume roughly 1 liter (34 ounces) more during pregnancy than you consumed before. If you’re not sure if you’re getting enough, check your urine. (See Are you hydrated? below.)

If your urine is pretty dark, you’re probably underdrinking. If it’s light to clear, you’re doing great.

How much water should older people drink?

When elderly folks are admitted to the hospital, they’re often dehydrated.

That’s probably because, as we get older, our thirst mechanisms don’t work like they used to. Neither do our kidneys. Certain medications can increase urine output, too. Plus, our bodies don’t seem to hold as much fluid. 10

All of that increases our risk of becoming dehydrated.

If you’re 65 or older:

How much should I drink to lose weight?

A few years back, researchers did a series of studies that found drinking water could increase calorie burning. 11 12

However, the researchers predicted an extra 2 liters (67 ounces) of water might only boost energy expenditure by about 96 Calories.

For context, that’s about the number of calories in a medium banana.

Maybe you’re thinking: Doesn’t water at least dull the appetite, helping people to eat less?

One study found that downing half a liter (16 ounces) of water before meals helped people eat less and consequently lose weight. 13

You can also take small sips of water between bites, which will help you eat more slowly. (And actually, eating slowly is one of the best ways to regulate your food intake. Read more: How slow eating can transform your body.)

How to calculate your water needs

How do you make sure you’re hydrated?

You have two options.

Option #1: Drink when you’re thirsty

This super-simple option works for most people, including:

✓ People who live in cool-to-moderate climates

✓ People younger than 65

Option #2: Monitor your urine

Some people occasionally suffer from acute dehydration.

Like when lots of stuff is coming out of both ends due to food poisoning or an infection. Or when exercising intensely in a hot climate.

As long as they replace what they lost, it’s no big deal.

How do you know if you’ve replaced what you’ve lost?

The answer: Check your toilet.

The more dehydrated you are, the greater your urine osmolality (saltiness).

Luckily, you can also assess osmolality through color: The greater the osmolality, the darker your urine.

If you compare your urine color to what’s shown on the chart below (see “Are You Hydrated?”), you’ll get an answer that’s almost as accurate as an expensive hydration test that your physician or trainer would run in the office. 14

This option works best for:

✓ People who live in hot, dry environments and worry about dehydration

✓ People whose jobs make on-demand drinking difficult (such as a healthcare worker who wears a mask for a 12-hour shift)

✓ People who exercise moderately in hot and/or dry environments

✓ People who are pregnant

✓ People age 65 and older

Are you hydrated?

Use this chart to assess your hydration status.

The colors assume you’ve peed in a cup.

If you don’t want to do that (who does?) just assume that the toilet water will dilute your urine color by 1 or 2 shades.

In summary, you’re probably doing just fine.

In terms of hydration, with the above exceptions in mind, you can keep going along just like my puppy Charley.

Drink when you’re thirsty, and hopefully not from the toilet.

References

3. Zimmerman CA, Leib DE, Knight ZA. Neural circuits underlying thirst and fluid homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Aug;18(8):459–69.

5. Tucker, Matthew A., et al. Hydration Status over 24-H Is Not Affected by Ingested Beverage Composition. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 34, no. 4, Mar. 2015, pp. 318–27.

6. Dill DB, Bock AV, Edwards HT. Mechanisms for dissipating heat in man and dog. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1933 Mar 31. Available from: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1933.104.1.36

9. Carlton A, Orr RM. The effects of fluid loss on physical performance: A critical review. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2015 Dec 1;4(4):357–63.

11. Boschmann M, Steiniger J, Franke G, Birkenfeld AL, Luft FC, Jordan J. Water drinking induces thermogenesis through osmosensitive mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;92(8):3334-7.

12. Boschmann M, Steiniger J, Hille U, Tank J, Adams F, Sharma AM, et al. Water-induced thermogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):6015–9.

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How Much Money Will I Save If I Quit Drinking?

Table of Contents

Have you ever wondered how much alcohol costs over the course of a lifetime? According to a recent Gallup poll, 13 percent of people reported having over eight drinks in the last week, while 52 percent said they had one to seven. This might not sound like much alcohol at first, but it can add up to hundreds—even thousands—of dollars over time.

If you think you might be spending a lot at the bar, here’s how you can calculate your drinking budget, and some tips for saving money on alcohol. And, if you’re struggling with your drinking, we’ll also compare the real financial cost of drinking versus treatment.

The Cost of Drinking

Your drinking costs will depend on how often (and how much) you drink, whether you stay home or go out, and the quality of your alcohol.

Let’s say you regularly drink with your friends at a bar, restaurant, or club, and each drink costs you five dollars. Here’s how much you could be spending yearly:

These costs also don’t factor in tips to your bartenders, taxes, food you order while drunk, Uber rides, property damage, DUIs, or the many other expenses that can come with a heavy drinking habit.

Calculating Your Spending

To determine your alcohol spending, you can use a drink cost calculator or manually work out your weekly average. You can then use this number to calculate your monthly or yearly cost of drinking.

You can then multiply this total by the number of weeks in a given timeframe (such as six months or one year) to see how much you’re spending in the long term.

Schedule a private call with a Ria Health team member and we can help you get started.

How To Save Money on Alcohol

Here are some ways you can save money on alcohol:

Is Rehab Really More Expensive Than Continuing to Drink?

You might be wondering: How much do alcoholics spend on alcohol, and is rehab really a cheaper option?

Photo by Karolina Grabowska from Pexels

Up-front, the costs of some rehab facilities can be intimidating. Residential programs can cost tens of thousands of dollars for 30 to 90 day stays. And while outpatient programs are lower-priced by comparison, they can still end up costing thousands. In any case, treatment is typically not cheap.

But here’s the thing: Even the most expensive treatment options can be well worth it when compared with a lifetime of heavy drinking.

But even if rehab is cheaper than drinking in the long run, that doesn’t mean it’s an easy or affordable option. According to the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, one in five people who wanted help for substance use problems didn’t get it for financial or health insurance-related reasons. The unfortunate reality is that the high up-front cost of treatment is a huge obstacle for people who need support.

More Affordable Treatment Options

The good news is that cheaper options are now emerging, due to the development of telemedicine. Online programs are generally just as effective as traditional treatment, if not more, and tend to cost much less.

Best of all, Ria is convenient and comprehensive. We connect you with medical support, weekly coaching meetings, peer support groups, and more—all from a smartphone app. Learn more about how it works, or get started today.