The nervous system is made up of the brain the spinal cord and nerves
The nervous system is made up of the brain the spinal cord and nerves
Тема2.7. The Nervous System/ Нервнаясистема
Level A
We learn the new words / Мыучимновыеслова
spinal cord – спинноймозг
to keep the body in order – поддерживатьтеловпорядке
to allow – позволять
cerebral cortex – кора
to wire – связывать
We read / Мычитаем
The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. One of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your body’s control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. There are three parts of your nervous system that work together: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system.
Central Nervous System
Brain
The brain keeps the body in order. It helps to control all of the body systems and organs, keeping them working like they should. The brain also allows us to think, feel, remember and imagine. In general, the brain is what makes us behave as human beings.
The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord and the nerves. They tell the brain what is going on in the body at all times. This system also gives instructions to all parts of the body about what to do and when to do it.
Spinal Cord 
Nerves divide many times as they leave the spinal cord so that they may reach all parts of the body. The thickest nerve is 1 inch thick and the thinnest is thinner than a human hair. Each nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of neurons (nerve cells). The spinal cord runs down a tunnel of holes in your backbone or spine. The bones protect it from damage. The cord is a thick bundle of nerves, connecting your brain to the rest of your body.
Answer the questions / Ответьтенавопросы
What organs are made up nervous system?
What is the function of nervous system?
What parts of nervous system do you know?
What is the function of brain?
How does the brain communicate with the rest of the body?
Quiz
Instruction: Fill in the chart / Заполнитетаблицу
· Detect color and light
· Detects tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter
· Detects pain, pressure, heat and cold
| Sense | Organ | J ob |
| Sight | ||
| Hearing | ||
| Smell | ||
| Taste | ||
| Touch |
LevelB
Vocabulary
spinalcord – спинной мозг
tokeepthebodyinorder – поддерживать тело в порядке
forebrain – передний мозг
Reading
The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. One of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your body’s control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. There are three parts of your nervous system that work together: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system.
Central Nervous System
Brain
The brain keeps the body in order. It helps to control all of the body systems and organs, keeping them working like they should. The brain also allows us to think, feel, remember and imagine. In general, the brain is what makes us behave as human beings.
The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord and the nerves. They tell the brain what is going on in the body at all times. This system also gives instructions to all parts of the body about what to do and when to do it.
Spinal Cord
Nerves divide many times as they leave the spinal cord so that they may reach all parts of the body. The thickest nerve is 1 inch thick and the thinnest is thinner than a human hair. Each nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of neurons (nerve cells). The spinal cord runs down a tunnel of holes in your backbone or spine. The bones protect it from damage. The cord is a thick bundle of nerves, connecting your brain to the rest of your body.
Central Nervous
«Senses»
Senses
The cerebrum is part of the forebrain. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum. Certain areas of the cerebral cortex are involved with certain functions.
Sensory areas such as touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight receive messages from the skin, nose, mouth, ears and eyes. We feel, taste, hear and see when these messages are received by the sensory parts of the brain.
The Peripheral Nervous System
The nervous system is made up of nerve cells or neurons that are «wired» together throughout the body, somewhat like communication system. Neurons carry messages in the form of an electrical impulses. The messages move from one neuron to another to keep the body functioning.
Answer the questions
What organs are made up nervous system?
What is the function of nervous system?
What parts of nervous system do you know?
What is the function of brain?
How does the brain communicate with the rest of the body?
What senses do you know?
What is the function of neuron?
Quiz
Instruction: Fill the blank
· Detect color and light
· Detects tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter
The nervous system: Facts, function & diseases
Discover the human body’s central nervous system and a peripheral nervous system.
The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body’s electrical wiring.
Description of the nervous system
Nerves are cylindrical bundles of fibers that start at the brain and central cord and branch out to every other part of the body, according to the University of Michigan Medical School.
Neurons send signals to other cells through thin fibers called axons, which cause chemicals known as neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses, the NIH noted. There are over 100 trillion neural connections in the average human brain, though the number and location can vary. For example, a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (opens in new tab) (PNAS) found that out of the 160 participants studied, the brains of highly creative people have more connections among three specific regions of the brain than less creative thinkers.
«You have these three different systems that are all located in different parts of the brain, but they are all co-activated at once,» said lead study author Roger Beaty, a postdoctoral fellow studying cognitive neuroscience at Harvard University. «People who are better able to co-activate them [came] up with more-creative responses.»
Divisions of the nervous system
When we think of the nervous system, our thoughts immediately go to the brain. The brain is a hive of neuronal activity, with billions of interwoven neurons firing to preserve and recall memories, coordinate thoughts and speech, and plan future actions. Along with the spinal cord, the bone-clad parts of our nervous system are naturally called the central nervous system.
The majority of our neurons are shielded behind protective fluid and bone, where they receive signals from and dictate to organs around the body. However, the signals sent from the central nervous system must have some means of reaching their target organs. And for that they need to connect to nerves that stretch from the central nervous system all the way to the extremities of the body. This second network of nerves is called the peripheral nervous system. Together, the central and peripheral form the major divisions of the nervous system, according to the National Cancer Institute.
The peripheral nervous system is responsible for many functions, and as such has numerous sub-divisions that specialise on different tasks. The sensory, or afferent, division receives signals from the periphery and carries these into the central nervous system. The motor, or efferent, division transmits signals for actions outward from the central nervous system to the peripheral organs and muscles. These motor functions come in two forms: somatic, and autonomic. Somatic functions are perhaps the easiest concept of the nervous system to grasp, as these dictate all our voluntary actions, such as choosing to pick up a cup, or jump on the bed, according to the medical library LibreTexts.
The innate, hard-wired reflex responses of our peripheral nervous system help keep us safe from danger, but they are not the only automatic functions performed by the peripheral nervous system. When actions are not voluntary, or somatic, they are autonomic, which means they operate independently of conscious thought. Such processes include the heart beat, the churning of food in the digestive tract by contracting muscles, and respiration. While our brain can assume control of a few of these processes (think of holding your breath), autonomic functions will continue to operate even when we fall asleep or if we are knocked unconscious.
The processes that we cannot control, however, are by no means unchanging. Instead the organs under the control of the autonomic nervous system are regulated by a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Depending on the stimulus, these systems increase or decrease activity of our internal organs, helping to ensure our body is always ready to respond to the challenge at hand.
Diseases of the nervous system
«Of all the diseases of the nervous system, the most common difficulty that people have is pain, and much of that is nerve-related,» according to Dr. Shai Gozani, founder and CEO of NeuroMetrix, a medical device company. «There are 100 million people who live with chronic pain.»
Parkinson’s disease
Bell’s Palsy
Multiple sclerosis
Peripheral neuropathy
Diagnosing nervous system conditions
There are a number of tests and procedures to diagnose conditions involving the nervous system. In addition to the traditional X-ray, a specialized X-ray called a fluoroscopy examines the body in motion, such as blood flowing through arteries, according to the NIH.
Other standard neurological exams include an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT scan, and an electroencephalogram (EEG), which records the brain’s continuous electrical activity. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a procedure that measures cell or tissue metabolism and brain activity to detect tumors or diseased tissue or tumors, the NIH noted.
A spinal tap places a needle into the spinal canal to drain a small amount of cerebral spinal fluid that is tested for infection or other abnormalities, according to the NIH.
Study of the nervous system
The branch of medicine that studies and treats the nervous system is called neurology, and doctors who practice in this field of medicine are called neurologists. Once they have completed medical training, neurologists complete additional training for their specialty and are certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (opens in new tab) (ABPN).
There are also physiatrists, who are physicians who work to rehabilitate patients who have experienced disease or injury to their nervous systems that impact their ability to function, according to the ABPN.
Additional resources
For more information about your body’s nervous system, check out “The Human Nervous System (opens in new tab) ” by Juergen K. Mai and “The Big Book Of The Human Body (opens in new tab) ” by Katherine Marsh
Bibliography
Английский язык. 11 класс
Конспект урока
Английский язык, 11 класс
Урок № 13. The nervous system
ЦЕЛИ И ЗАДАЧИ УРОКА:
We’ll discuss a human’s nervous system
We’ll learn how it influences health.
We can use the new words in your own speech.
ГЛОССАРИЙ ПО ТЕМЕ:
ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА ПО ТЕМЕ УРОКА
1. Н.И. Быкова, Д. Дули, М.Д. Поспелова «Spotlight» («Английский в фокусе») 11 класс. Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций М.: Просвещение, 2018., p.40
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОГО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ
The nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord and an enormous network of nerves.
The spinal cord runs from the brain and down through the backbone.
The brain is a very complex organ. Its biggest part is the cerebrum which is responsible for our personality, memory, intelligence, emotions and feelings, speech, the ability to move.
The smaller cerebellum controls balance, coordination and movements.
The brainstem is responsible for all the brain’s messages and controls a lot of automatic body functions such as breathing, heart rate and digestion.
The thalamus carries messages from the eyes, ears, nose and fingers to the cerebrum.
The hypothalamus controls many automatic processes, for instance, temperature and appetite.
The pituitary gland is tiny but it is responsible for hormones.
Nerve cells are called neurons.
They look like long thin threads with fingers at each end.
These “fingers” are called dendrites.
When a neuron gets a message, it produces a tiny electric signal which releases chemicals and the signal passes from the dendrites of one neuron to the next, At last, the message reaches the brain.
Thus, the nervous system is the control system of our body and it influences our health.
РАЗБОР РЕШЕНИЯ ТРЕНИРОВОЧНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ
ЗАДАНИЕ 6: Восстановление последовательности элементов горизонтальное / вертикальное
Make up the sentences from the parts:
1. the, is, system, our, system, control, of, nervous, body, the
2. gland, for, tiny, but, the, responsible, pituitary, it’s, hormones, is.
3. eyes, cerebrum, carries, from, the, the, and, messages, nose, fingers, the, to, thalamus, ears.
4. movements, controls, balance, small, coordination, cerebellum, and, the.
1. The nervous system is the control system of our body.
2. The pituitary gland is tiny but it’s responsible for hormones.
3. The thalamus carries messages from the eyes, ears, nose and fingers to the cerebrum.
4. The small cerebellum controls balance, coordination and movements
1.Задание проверяет знание порядка слов как в простом, так и в сложном предложении.
2.Внимательно читаете все слова в цепочке
3. Находите грамматическую основу как главного, так и придаточного предложения
4.Устанавливаете зависимость прочих членов предложения от каждой грамматической основы.
5. Если вы поняли, что имеете дело с придаточным предложением, то находите связку – наречие или союзное слово – и устанавливаете, какой тип придаточного предложения перед вами: относительное, причины, следствия или результата.
6. Соединяете все члены сложного предложения
7. Внимательно читаете полученное предложения ещё раз, помня о порядке слов и обращая особое внимание на употребление артиклей, местоимений разных групп, предлогов и союзов.
ЗАДАНИЕ 3 : Выбор элемента из выпадающего списка
Текст задания: Choose the right answer:
1. The spinal cord/brain stem runs from the brain and down through the backbone.
2. The biggest part of the brain is the cerebrum/cerebellum.
3. The cerebrum/cerebellum controls balance, coordination and movements.
4. The thalamus/hypothalamus controls many automatic processes, for instance, temperature and appetite.
5. The pituitary gland/hypothalamus is tiny but it is responsible for hormones.
6. Nerve cells are called dendrites/neurons.
1.Задание проверяет знание ЛЕ, изученных на уроке.
2.Внимательно читаете каждое предложение, обращая внимание на то, какая часть речи требуется после слова, где вам следует сделать выбор (в случае, если на выбор даются разные части речи).
3. Вспоминаете слова и выражения, изученные на уроке
4. Выбираете слово, подходящее по смыслу и значению
5.После выполнения задания внимательно читаете полученные предложения ещё раз.
Central Nervous System
Brain
The brain keeps the body in order. It helps to control all of the body systems and organs, keeping them working like they should. The brain also allows us to think, feel, remember and imagine. In general, the brain is what makes us behave as human beings.
The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord and the nerves. They tell the brain what is going on in the body at all times. This system also gives instructions to all parts of the body about what to do and when to do it.
Spinal Cord 
Nerves divide many times as they leave the spinal cord so that they may reach all parts of the body. The thickest nerve is 1 inch thick and the thinnest is thinner than a human hair. Each nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of neurons (nerve cells). The spinal cord runs down a tunnel of holes in your backbone or spine. The bones protect it from damage. The cord is a thick bundle of nerves, connecting your brain to the rest of your body.
Answer the questions / Ответьте на вопросы
What organs are made up nervous system?
What is the function of nervous system?
What parts of nervous system do you know?
What is the function of brain?
How does the brain communicate with the rest of the body?
Quiz
Instruction: Fill in the chart / Заполните таблицу
· Detect color and light
· Detects tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter
· Detects pain, pressure, heat and cold
| Sense | Organ | Job |
| Sight | ||
| Hearing | ||
| Smell | ||
| Taste | ||
| Touch |
Level B
Vocabulary
spinal cord – спинной мозг
to keep the body in order – поддерживать тело в порядке
to allow – позволять
forebrain – передний мозг
cerebral cortex – кора
to wire – связывать
Reading
The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. One of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your body’s control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. There are three parts of your nervous system that work together: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system.
Переводы текстов Spotlight 11 класс-ACROSS THE CURRICULUM
| Полезный совет! Переводы упражнений в решебнике более актуальны и правильные, чем здесь. Перейти в решебник. |
1 Прочитайте и соотнесите заголовки (A-E) с разделами текста (1-4). Есть один отрывок, который вам не нужно использовать.
A Самый длинный нерв
B Передача сообщений
С То, что контролирует наши тела
D Центр управления
E Анатомия мозга
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2 Прослушайте и прочитайте. Запишите пять новых вещей, которые вы узнали о мозге и нервной системе. Расскажите своему партнеру.
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3 Портфолио: Используйте информацию в тексте, чтобы составить викторину о нервной системе. Обменяйтесь с партнером и ответьте на вопросы викторины друг у друга.
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