The teacher made us hard in order to pass the exam well

Vocabulary Work

Exercise 1.Translate the following words and expressions into Russian.

an unpleasant inevitability, to chit in exams, well-established rules, frank cheating, to tick the days off, examining Committee, despondently, to swat up the spot questions, to cram, a well-trodden path, written papers, to keep an eye open for something, anonymous examiners, invigilator, Judgement day, the tripos, the viva, flagrant cheating, remoteness, mistakes and omissions, to lose one’s nerve, dispassionately, superiority, to mark ( to grade ) the papers, to hand in one’s papers, nonchalant air, to come out ( about results), don (the old don ), confusion breeds confusion, an attitude of undeserved sternness, to get through, to cut sb. short, to stumble through the exam ( answer), to struggle one’s way through, to rally one’s thoughts, to call out, to raise one’s voice to sb., to lower one’s voice.

Exercise 2.Translate the allusion «judgement day» and explain the effectiveness of this allusion for conveying the students’ fear of the examinations.

Exercise 5.Complete the following sentences.

Exercise 6.Find the word or phrase from the text to match the definition.

1. someone who teaches at a university, especially at Oxford and Cambridge

2. to pass the exam with difficulty

3. to interrupt someone who is talking so that they cannot finish what they are saying

4. cheating in exam in such a way that shows you do not care

5. very unhappy because you do not believe that an unpleasant situation will improve

6. to become too frightened to do something you intended to do

7. used about the examiner whose name is not known

8. something ( or someone) that has not been included

9. a person who watches students at the examinations to make sure they do not cheat (Br E )

10. an oral examination in which a student answers questions in an interview with the examiner

11. examination for an honours degree in Cambridge University

12. the state of not showing any friendly interest in other people

13. able to make fair judgments or decisions that are not influenced by personal

14. to judge the quality of a student’s work by giving it a letter or number

15. to study hard in order to learn a lot in a short time, esp. for an exam

Exercise 7.Match the word on the left with the words on the right.

1. an unpleasant air

2. well-established inevitability

3. the examining experience

4. well-trodden silence

5. flagrant crowd

6. an awkward Committee

7. the nonchalant sternness

8. frustrated remoteness

9. immediate rules

10. a certain cheating

11. depressing expression
12. unexpected punishment
13. restless paths

14. undeserved brilliance

Exercise 8.Translate into English.

отмечать галочкой дни в календаре, неприятная неизбежность, списывать на экзамене, у абитуриентов был беспечный вид, вопиющее (возмутительное) списывание, экзаменатор резко прервал меня, собраться с мыслями, следить за тем, чтобы студенты не списывали, судный день, с трудом сдать экзамен, замешательство приводит к замешательству, повысить голос / понизить голос, откровенное списывание, опубликовать (огласить) результаты экзаменов, экзаменатор на письменной работе, хорошо протоптанная дорога, ошибки и пропуски, незаслуженная суровость, выкликать (громко называть) имена.

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into English using the active vocabulary.

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I. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

A young writer has just managed to publish his first book. He is very proud of his success and is boasting of it to everybody around. For more than half an hour he has been talking about his success to one of his friends who is also a writer. At last he thinks that his friend is not very much interested and apologizes saying «I am sorry to have taken so much of your time, it is so selfish of me.» — «Never mind,» answered his friend absent-mindedly. «You haven’t taken my time at all. I’ve been thinking over the plot of my new novel.»

1. Was the young writer modest?

2. Why wasn’t his friend annoyed?

The writer is proud of his success and is boasting of it to everybody around.

a) travel, b) am travelling, c) was travelling. d) have been travelling.

a) although, b) in case, c) even, d) in spite.

a) announced, b) advertised, c) advised, d) noticed.

a) good, b) well, e) better, d) best.

a) Did you see, b) Do you see, c) Have you seen, d) Had you seen.

a) laugh, b) to laugh, c) laughing, d) have laughed.

a) hardly, b) hardly any, c) hardly anything, d) hardly anywhere.

a) graduate, b) graduated, c) will graduate, d) has graduated.

a) goes, b) was going, c) will go, d) has gone.

a) at, b) in, c) with, d) of.

a) to steal, b) to have stolen, e) to be stealing, d) to have been stolen.

a) some, b) any, e) none, d) not any.

a) lay, b) have lain, c) laid, d) have laid.

a) is it, b) isn’t, c) is there, d) isn’t there.

a) are, b) was, c) have been, d) were.

a) Have you cooked, b) Did you cook, c) Do you cook, d) Had you cooked.

a) works, b) work, c) was working, d) has worked.

a) can, b) may, c) must, d) might.

a) few, b) some, c) many, d) a few.

V. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Когда вы закончили школу?

2. Если она придет, я тебе позвоню.

3. Они должны вернуться в понедельник.

4. Он увлекается плаванием.

5. Когда мы пришли, фильм уже начался.

1. What is the symbol of the Speaker’s authority?

a) the mace, b) the woolsack, c) the ribbon, d) the bell.

2. Who presides over the House of Lords?

a) Prime Minister, b) Lord Chancellor, c) Lord Protector, d)the Speaker.

3. What’s the name of the British flag?

a) Star-Spangled Banner, b) Stripes and Stars, c) Union Jack, d) John Bull.

4. What London street is famous for shops? a) Oxford Street, b) Fleet Street, c) Lombard Street, d) Charing Cross Road.

5. What was J. Constable?

a) a musician, b) a politician, c) a poet, d) a painter.

2. He wasn’t annoyed because he was not listening to him. (He didn’t waste his time.)

What is the writer boasting of?

1 — went, 2 — arrived, 3— was, 4— put, 5 — went, 6— was, 7 — was covered, 8— was raining, 9— was moving, 10— saw, 11 — passed, 12— stopped, 13— is, 14— cried, 15— was, 16— have not seen, 17— said, 18— are doing, 19— asked, 20— do not go, 21 — answered, 22— have forgotten, 23 — stay (are staying), 24 — ring, 25 — will find, 26 — stay (are staying), 27— had, 28— explained, 29— got, 30— left, 31— went, 32— changed, 33 — decided, 34 — was shining, 35 — was, 36 — should go, 37 — was taking, 38 — thought (was thinking), 39 — began, 40 — did, 41 — found.

1. When did you finish school?

2. If she comes I’ll ring you up (call you).

3. They are to return (come back) on Monday.

4. He is fond of swimming.

5. When we came the film had already begun.

The teacher made us hard in order to pass the exam well

КОНТРОЛЬНО-ТРЕНИРОВОЧНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление инфинитива:

1) Не was too astonished to speak.

2) To fulfil this task was not easy.

3) I want you to consider the matter at once.

4) It is a great pleasure to make your acquaintance.

5) The work to be done here will take much time.

6) I have come here to help you.

7) Our task is to master English.

8) The problem to be discussed at our meeting is very important.

9) To walk in bad weather is not pleasant.

2. Измените следующие предложения по образцу, употребляя инфинитив после оборота It takes (took, will take). Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) I finished my exercises in an hour.

2) She learned to speak English well in only a year.

3) I wrote my composition in thirty minutes.

4) The train went around the mountain in three hours.

5) They finished the bridge in two years.

6) We walk to school every morning in about fifteen minutes.

7) You will get there in about an hour.

8) She will take all afternoon to prepare the meal.

9) She recovered from her illness in two months.

3. Замените инфинитив, данный в скобках, соответствующей формой герундия и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) There is little chance (to see) them today.

2) My friend is very quick in (to learn) foreign languages.

3) Is this film worth (to see)?

4) It is a question of (to find) the right man for the position.

5) There is no use (to telephone) Pete. He is not at home now.

6) (To see) is (to believe).

7) He needs much more drill in (to spell).

8) Mr. Smith always takes great pleasure in (to help) others.

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление причастий:

1) Не speaks like a man having his opinion of everything.

2) At the conference they discussed new methods used in building.

3) The article translated by the student is very interesting.

4) While translating the article she used a dictionary.

5) Once started, the matter will take care of itself.

6) And having said this, he took his hat and went away.

7) Being asked what he thought of this plan, the student said that he approved of it.

8) A new road will soon be built joining the plant with the railway station.

1) I don’t like being spoken to in such a manner.

2) You can master the language by speaking English every day.

3) You surprised me by not having done this work in time.

4) I thought of the question being discussed at the meeting.

5) She never did a thing without asking somebody’s advice.

6) Reading aloud is very useful.

7) She likes being invited to the theatre.

8) I heard the singing of a bird.

9) She does not like reading aloud.

10) He likes being told such stories.

11) It being very late, we had to return home.

12) The meeting was held at the beginning of the working day.

6. Употребите сказуемое в следующих предложениях в Present Perfect Continuous. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) They have talked for more than an hour.

2) She has taught English for ten years.

3) He has done very little work recently.

4) They have argued about that for more than two hours.

5) They have lived in Moscow since 1953.

6) We have used this textbook since January.

7) They have travelled all over Europe.

7. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1) She has been teaching there many years.

2) They have been waiting here a long time.

3) She has been taking music lessons many years.

4) They have been discussing the matter all day long.

5) You have been studying English a long time.

6) It has been raining like this for an hour.

7) He has been working for that firm for ten years.

8. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на времена группы Perfect Continuous:

1) Не has been doing that same kind of work for many years.

2) Have you been looking through these magazines long?

3) For how long have you already been doing your morning exercises?

4) He had been speaking for an hour and a half when he decided to have an interval.

5) They had been waiting long before the train arrived.

6) We felt very tired because we had been working for many hours.

7) They will have been working at this problem not less than two years if they complete it this year.

8) He has been attending that school for four years.

9. Замените в следующих предложениях действительный залог страдательным, обращая внимание на времена группы Indefinite:

1) They did not adopt the resolution yesterday.

2) The teacher will examine the students next week.

3) They will translate this book into English next year.

4) Meteorologists collect weather reports from all parts of the country.

5) He wrote that book last year.

6) She reads English books every day.

10. Замените в следующих предложениях действительный залог страдательным, обращая внимание на времена группы Continuous:

1) They were discussing this problem when we came in.

2) The students are writing a dictation now.

3) She was reading a letter when I entered the room.

4) They will be working with this text when you return.

5) At seven o’clock, when you telephoned, I was reading the newspaper.

6) The students are taking examinations in the next room.

11. Замените в следующих предложениях действительный залог страдательным, обращая внимание на времена группы Perfect:

1) Soviet scientists have made many wonderful discoveries.

2) They will have published this book by the end of the year.

3) He has done very little work recently.

4) By Saturday he had found all the necessary material.

5) She had finished her work by this time yesterday.

6) The students had translated the text before the bell rang.

12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму глагола придаточных предложений:

1) Не said that he had read this book twice.

2) We thought that the results of your work would be better.

3) The boy said that he was only eight years old.

4) I knew that he would refuse to help me.

5) He was sure that I should come in time.

6) She thought that the letter had been written by her friend.

7) They said that it had been raining from five till seven.

8) She said that she could not give me this book because she had promised to give it to her sister.

13. Употребите глагол-сказуемое главного предложения в Past Indefinite и сделайте соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) She says that she can read English books in the original.

2) He is sure that he will pass his examinations.

3) We know that our friends went to the South a week ago.

4) I think that he is having his music lesson now.

5) We know that both he and his sister like sport.

6) Do you know that they arrived in Moscow yesterday?

7) I don’t think that she has come home.

8) I’m, certain that nobody will think him a stranger.

14. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме времени и залога, соблюдая правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) She said that she (to know) English very well.

2) We knew that they (to come) to visit us next Sunday.

3) John said that he (to go) away on Wednesday.

4) People were sure that soon a spaceship (to fly) to other planets.

5) We were informed that many scientists (to work) at the problem of radioactivity.

6) They thought the flight (to be) successful.

7) He said that the telegram (to come) that day.

15. Преобразуйте следующие предложения из прямой речи в косвенную. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) Mary said, «the train will probably arrive in time.»

2) He said, «I have to finish this report by five o’clock.»

3) The doctor said, «Mr. Smith will improve quickly.»

4) Ann said to me, «I am leaving in the morning.»

5) The teacher said, «Everyone has to write a composition.»

6) John said, «I saw this film last week.»

7) Ann said, «I have finished studying my lesson.»

8) The man said, «The telephone is out of order.»

16. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Future Indefinite и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) If I finish my work in time, I (to go) to the ball game.

2) If I see Henry, I (to give) him your message.

3) If you don’t hurry, we (to be) late for class.

4) If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (to go) to the beach.

5) If he fails the test, he (to have) to repeat the course.

6) If I have time tomorrow, I (to go) shopping with you.

7) If he arrives in time, I (to speak) to him.

17. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Indefinite и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) If I (to find) the book, I will give it to you.

2) If the weather (to be) warm, we shall go to the park.

3) If you (turn) out the light, we shall be in the dark.

4) If you (to drive) slowly, you won’t have any accidents.

5) If you (to learn) how to swim, you can go with us to the beach on Sundays.

6) If the train (to be) late, we won’t be able to see them.

7) If you (to study) hard, you can easily pass your exam.

18. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Indefinite и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) If he (to know) grammar better, he would make fewer mistakes.

2) If we (to leave) right away, we could be there in an hour.

3) If you (to take) the noon train, you would get there about four o’clock.

4) If he not (to waste) so much time in class, he would make better progress.

5) If I not (to have) to work today, I would go to the park with you.

6) If I (to know) English better, I would read some English books.

7) If I (to know) her well, I would speak to her.

19. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Future-in-the-Past и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) If he attended class regularly, he (to make) good progress.

2) If he went to bed earlier, he not (to feel) so tired.

3) If she prepared her homework every day, she (to get) better marks.

4) If I saw her, I (to give) her your message.

5) If it were not cold, there (to be) no snow on the ground.

6) If I didn’t need this book myself, I (to let) you have it.

7) If I came to Moscow, I (to visit) my friends.

20. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Perfect и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) If I (to know) about this yesterday, I should have worried all day long.

2) If the weather (to be) nice yesterday, we should have gone to the park.

3) If I (to know) you were living in Moscow, I should have looked you up.

4) If I (to wear) a raincoat, I shouldn’t have got wet.

5) If I (to receive) your message, I should have come at once.

6) If you (to tell) her the truth, she wouldn’t have been so angry.

7) If he (to have) your address, he would have written to you.

21. Употребите Past Indefinite после союза if, сделав соответствующие изменения в главном предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) If she studies hard, she will pass her examinations.

2) If I see her, I shall give her your message.

3) If they work hard, they will learn English.

4) If Mary is present, the party will be a success.

5) If we hurry, we can get there by two o’clock.

6) If I don’t have to study, I shall go to the movie with you.

7) If you turn out the lights, we shall be in the dark.

22. Употребите Past Perfect после союза if, сделав соответствующие изменения в главном предложении:

1) If they invite me, I shall go with them.

2) If it rains, we shall not go.

3) If I feel better, I shall go with you.

4) If I am not busy, I shall be glad to accompany you.

5) If she saves her money, she will be able to go on a vacation.

6) If I have no time this week, I shall not be able to join your excursion.

7) If she sits in the sun too long, she will get sick.

23. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните в придаточных предложениях глаголы в сослагательном наклонении:

1) It would have saved you a lot of time if you had prepared for your experiment more carefully.

2) If it were possible to live on the Moon, people would be able to jump about six times as high as they can on the Earth.

3) If he were here now, he would tell us many interesting stories about his trip.

4) If she could, she would certainly help you.

5) It they had had enough time they would have repeated their experiment.

6) Had we known all those facts before, we should have written you about them long ago.

7) Should she come, let her wait a little.

8) If he were here, he would demonstrate the diagrams to us.

24.Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление глагола should:

1) Не should spend more time on his homework.

2) They should not make so much noise.

3) You should learn as many new words as possible.

4) You should ask permission before doing it.

5) He should take more physical exercises.

6) He should not waste so much time on unimportant details.

7) You really should go and see a doctor.

25. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление глаголов should, would:

1) She said he would come here in time.

2) If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.

3) He would experiment much to get better results.

4) If we had tested this material earlier, we should have used it in our construction work.

5) I should like to carry out research work in the field of engineering materials.

6) You should understand the principle on which a rocket operates.

7) If they had solved the problem, their experiments would have been completed.

26. Заполните пропуски словами well или good и переведите предложения на русский язык:

Ключ к контрольно-тренировочным упражнениям

3. 1) seeing; 2) learning; 3) seeing; 4) finding; 5) telephoning; 6) seeing, believing; 7) spelling; 8) helping.

6. 1) have been talking; 2) has been teaching; 3) has been doing; 4) have been arguing; 5) have been living; 6) have been using; 7) have been travelling.

9. 1) was not adopted; 2) will be examined; 3) will be translated; 4) are collected; 5) was written; 6) are read.

10. 1) was being discussed; 2) is being written; 3) was being read; 4) will be worked; 5) was being read; 6) are being taken.

11. 1) have been made; 2) will have been published; 3) has been done; 4) had been found; 5) had been finished; 6) had been translated.

13. 1) said, could read; 2) was sure, would pass; 3) knew, had gone; 4) thought, was having; 5) knew, liked; 6) did, had arrived; 7) didn’t think, had come; 8) was certain, would think.

14. 1) knew; 2) would come; 3) would go; 4) would fly; 5) were working; 6) would be; 7) had come.

16. 1) shall go; 2) shall give; 3) shall be; 4) shall go; 5) will have; 6) shall go; 7) shall speak.

17. 1) find; 2) is; 3) turn; 4) drive; 5) learn; 6) is; 7) study.

18. 1) knew; 2) left; 3) took; 4) did not waste; 5) did not have; 6) knew; 7) knew.

19. 1) would make; 2) would not feel; 3) would get; 4) should give; 5) would be; 6) should let; 7) should visit.

20. 1) had known; 2) had been; 3) had known; 4) had worn; 5) had received; 6) had told; 7) had had.

21. 1) studied, would pass; 2) saw, should give; 3) worked, would learn; 4) was present, would be; 5) hurried, could get; 6) didn’t have, should go; 7) turned out, should be.

22. 1) had invited, should have gone; 2) had rained, should not have gone; 3) had felt, should have gone; 4) had not been busy, should have been; 5) had saved, would have been; 6) had not had, should not have been; 7) had sat, would have got.

26. 1) well; 2) well; 3) good; 4) well; 5) good; 6) good; 7) good; 8)well; 9) good; 10) well; 11)good; 12) good.

Придаточные предложения цели (Clauses of Purpose)

Придаточные предложения цели – это такой вид придаточных предложений в составе сложного, в котором указывается цель совершения действия, выраженного в сказуемом главного предложения. К придаточным данного вида всегда можно задать от главного предложения вопросы: «зачем?», «с какой целью?» или «почему?».

Придаточные предложения цели, как и придаточные других видов, соединяются с главным предложением при помощи служебных частей речи: частиц, союзов или союзных слов.

При этом самым распространенным видом придаточных предложений цели являются придаточные, включающие неопределенную форму глагола с частицей to.

В официально-деловом стиле письменной речи и при деловом общении используются союзы in order to и so as to в том же значении (в значениях «с целью..», «с целью не…», «чтобы…»).

Также для ввода придаточного предложения цели в официально-деловом стиле письменной речи можно использовать союзы so that или in order that: как правило, в таких предложениях за союзом следует модальный глагол. Если в предложении стоит can или will, то действие происходит в настоящем, если же could или would – в прошлом.

Разница между so и so that заключается в том, что в случае с so that мы подразумеваем, что действие, описанное в главном предложении, было произведено намеренно с целью достижения определенного результата.

Описанными выше способы образования и ввода придаточных целей не исчерпываются: существует ряд других способов для выражения цели совершения действия в виде придаточного предложения. Чтобы показать наиболее распространенные из них, мы составили специальную таблицу, в которой описали принципы образования придаточных цели и привели соответствующие примеры предложений с переводом на русский язык.

Следовательно, английские придаточные предложения цели, как и в русском языке, могут быть выражены по-разному: грамматические и лексические средства их выражения зависят от общего смысла высказывания и его стилистической направленности. Однако все описанные способы объединяет то, что перед придаточными предложениями цели всегда ставятся служебные слова, которые служат связующим звеном между главной и придаточной частями сложноподчиненного предложения.

Тест с ответами: «Модальные глаголы в английском языке»

1. His French is so bad, that I ______ understand anything.
a) can’t+
b) shouldn’t
c) may not
d) must

2. Will you ______ help me with my history report tomorrow?
a) can
b) have to
c) be able to+
d) may

3. He is so late. He ______ have forgotten about the agreement.
a) must+
b) may
c) can
d) should

4. You ______ not take out this furniture. The workers will do it.
a) may
b) might
c) need+
d) can

5. It’s nonsense! He ______ be drunk to think so!
a) need
b) must+
c) have to
d) may

6. Lizzy _________ finish her homework on time, or she won’t be able to go to the movie theater.
a) must+
b) can’t
c) must have
d) shall have

7. I _________ see that you have a hole in your sock. You need a new pair of socks.
a) can+
b) must
c) shall
d) may

8. You moved all of the books out of the moving truck by yourself? You _________ be exhausted!
a) can
b) shall
c) could
d) must+

9. This isn’t a difficult task, so you _________ be able to complete it by Saturday.
a) can
b) should+
c) mustn’t
d) couldn’t

10. Ann _________ believe her eyes. She saw her husband with another woman!
a) couldn’t+
b) must
c) should
d) could

11. I may _________ able to come to your master class if I have the time.
a) be+
b) being
c) being to

12. This is a amazing villa! It _________ cost a pretty penny.
a) can
b) can’t
c) must have+
d) shall

13. If you want bright walls, then you _______ choose furniture in a neutral shade.
a) should+
b) will be
c) shall have
d) won’t

14. Our son, Max, _________ use a new car because the old car is under repair.
a) will have
b) could+
c) could have
d) wouldn’t have

15. I want to make a cabinet with my own hands. But I _________ have to buy some more firewood.
a) can
b) must
c) may+
d) couldn’t

16. You _________ have been happy when your friend made you a surprise.
a) can
b) must+
c) shall
d) won’t

17. _________ you come over for dinner on Sunday night? I will be very happy to see you!
a) Can+
b) Will have
c) Must
d) Must have

18. I _________ go to see the doctor last week because I was poisoned.
a) must
b) must to
c) had to+

19. I ___ study well in order to make my mother happy
а) must+
b) have
c) mustn’t

20. You _________ be able to catch a ride with Jim. You should ask him before he leaves.
a) could
b) may+
c) can
d) can’t

21. Do you _________ clean the classroom every day or every week?
a) must
b) have
c) have to+

22. You ___cross the road when the yellow light is on.
а) have to
b) must
c) mustn’t+

23. You ___ attend the lectures in order to get a good score.
а) have to+
b) needn’t to
c) have

24. We ___ respect our teachers.
а) needn’t
b) must to
c) must+

25. You ___ stay in an expensive hotel. Find a cheap hostel.
а) must
b) needn’t+
c) needn’t to

26. We’ve worked very hard today. _________ we call it a day?
a) Must have
b) Should have
c) Shall+
d) Could have

27. If you are late for work again, you _________ surely be fired.
a) will+
b) mustn’t have
c) can
d) could have

28. I could _________ bought that computer but I didn’t have enough money to pay for the video card.
a) had
b) have+
c) have to

29. I _________ go now because I am already late for a date.
a) must
b) had
c) have to+

30. You _________ called me first. I would take you away from your friends.
a) should have+
b) can
c) shall not
d) should