What parts does the automobile it is made up of what is
What parts does the automobile it is made up of what is
Text: Components of the Automobile
Dialogue
The exercises to be done before reading the text
Предтекстовые упражнения
Упражнение 1.Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомниnt их русские эквиваленты.
engine (power plant) — двигатель(силовая установка)
chassis — шасси
body— кузов
power train — силовая передача
running gear — ходовая часть
brakes — тормоза
clutch— сцепление
gearbox— коробка передач
propeller shaft — карданный вал
differential— дифференциал
rear axle — задний мост
axle shafts — полуоси
frame with axles — рама с осями
wheels and springs — колеса с рессорами
hood— капот
fenders — крылья
windshield wiper — стеклоочиститель
include— включать в себя
consist of — состоять из
in turn — в свою очередь
source of power — источник энергии
fuel — топливо
cooling— охлаждение
lubricating — смазка
Упражнение 2.Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.
Automobile, chassis, electric, system, control, differential, ventilator, cylinder.
Прочтите и переведите текст, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.
Components of the Automobile
The automobile is made up of three basic parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body.
The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders
The chassis includes a power train (power transmission), a running gear, steering and braking systems as well.
The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels.
The power transmission, in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts. The running gear consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs.
The body has a hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner, speedometer and so on.
The exercises to be done after reading the text
(Послетекстовые упражнения)
Упражнение 3. Выберите и запишите термины, данные ниже, которые относятся к:
The engine (двигателю); the chassis (шасси); the body (кузову).
Fuel system, axle shaft, accessories, cooling system, frame with axles, running gear, lubricating system, steering system, heater, propeller shaft, power transmission, final drive, windshield wiper, clutch, wheels and axle shafts, gearbox, electric system, differential.
Дайте русские эквиваленты приведенных выше терминов.
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:
1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?
2.What is the function of the engine?
3.What systems does the engine include?
4.What does the chassis consist of?
5.What units does the power transmission comprise?
6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?
7.What has the body?
Упражнение 5. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующее по смыслу окончание.
Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты предложений и запишите их.
1.Автомобиль состоит из трех основных частей: двигателя, шасси и кузова.
2.Двигатель — это источник энергии.
3.Двигатель включает в себя топливную, охлаждающую, смазывающую и электрическую системы.
4.Шасси включает в себя силовую передачу, ходовую часть, рулевую и тормозную системы.
5.Силовая передача (трансмиссия), в свою очередь, состоит из сцепления, коробки передач, карданного вала, главной передачи, дифференциала, заднего моста и полуосей.
6.Ходовая часть включает в себя раму с осями, колеса и рессоры.
7.Кузов включает в себя капот, крылья и вспомогательные аксессуары: отопитель, стеклоочистители, магнитолу, кондиционер и т. п.
Упражнение7. Прочтите диалог несколько раз, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.
DIALOGUE
A: Do you know what parts the automobile is made up of?
В.: Certainly. It is made up of the engine, the chassis and the body,
A: What is the source of power?
B:The source of power is the engine. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems.
A:And what does the chassis consist of?
B:It consists of a power transmission, running gear, steering and braking systems. By the way, the power transmission, in turn, comprises the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts.
A:And what has the body?
B:The body has a hood, fenders and accessories, such as: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner and so on.
A:Thank you very much for your information.
B:Don’t mention it. I am glad to help you.
Упражнение8. Найдите в диалоге слова и словосочетания, эквивалентные русским словам и словосочетаниям, приведенным ниже.
Сделан из; шасси; кузов; включать в себя; топливная, охлаждающая, смазывающая и электрическая системы; трансмиссия; ходовая часть; рулевая и тормозная системы; карданный вал; главная передача; дифференциал; задний мост; полуоси; капот; крылья; вспомогательные устройства; стеклоочистители.
Упражнение 9.Запишите на аудиокассету реплики собеседника А и повторяйте в паузах реплики собеседника В (возможна работа в парах).
Упражнение 10. Запишите на аудиокассету реплики собеседника В и повторяйте в паузах реплики собеседника А.
Упражнение11. Закончите предложения, используя необходимые слова или словосочетания, данные ниже.
B:It is made up of.
A: What is.
A: What does the power train include?
A:What units does the body comprise?
Engine, chassis, body, power train, running gear, steering system, brakes, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle, axle shafts, hood and fenders, heater, windshield wipers, information, conditioner, consist(s) of, the source of power, include, fuel, cooling, lubricating, electric systems.
Упражнение 12. Разыграйте диалог в парах.
Упражнение 13. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки.
| 1. | power plant | a. | сцепление |
| 2. | chassis | b. | силовая передача |
| 3. | body | c. | главная передача |
| 4. | power train | d. | колеса |
| 5. | running gear | e. | система рулевого управления |
| 6. | steering system | f. | капот |
| 7. | brakes | g. | полуоси |
| 8. | clutch | h. | ходовая часть |
| 9. | gearbox | i. | топливная система |
| 10. | propeller shaft | j. | стеклоочистители |
| 11. | final drive | k. | коробка передач |
| 12. | rear axle | l. | система смазки |
| 13. | axle shafts | m. | силовая установка |
| 14. | frame | n. | рама |
| 15. | wheels | o. | в свою очередь |
| 16. | springs | p. | тормоза |
| 17. | hood | q. | рессоры |
| 18. | fenders | r. | также |
| 19. | windshield wipers | s. | шасси |
| 20. |  fuel system | t. | карданный вал |
21.cooling system u. задний мост
22. lubricating system v. источник энергии
23.in turn w. система охлаждения
24.as well x. крылья
25.source of power y. кузов
Упражнение 14. Ответьте на вопросы.
1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?
2.What is the function of the engine?
3.What systems does the engine include?
4.What does the chassis consist of?
5.What units does the power transmission comprise?
6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?
7.What has the body?
Упражнение 15. Выберите и запишите соответствующий описанию механизм.
1.Mechanism which is used to stop the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
2.Mechanism which is used to guide the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
3.Mechanism which engages or disengages the engine and the car wheels.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
4.Mechanism which is used to change the speed of the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) accelerator.
5.Mechanism which is used to guide the car in one or the other directions.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
6.Device which is designed to measure the speed of the car.
a) heater; b) windscreen; c) speedometer; d) tachometer.
СЛОВАРЬ УРОКА
accessories — вспомогательные устройства
cooling— охлаждение
as well — также
axle shafts – полуоси
body — кузов
consist of — состоять из
device — устройство
disengage — отключать, отсоединять
engage — включать, соединять
engine — двигатель
fenders— крылья
final drive — главная передача
fix — крепить
flywheel— маховик
frame — рама
fuel— топливо
gearbox — коробка передач
heater— отопитель
hood— капот
include — включать в себя
lubricating (lubrication) — смазка
measure — измерять
pedal — педаль
power train (transmission) – силовая передача (трансмиссия)
power plant — силовая установка
release the engine — отсоединить двигатель
running gear — ходовая часть
source of power — источник энергии
speed — скорость
springs — рессоры
tachometer — тахометр
wheel— колесо
Unit Three
Поперечные профили набережных и береговой полосы: На городских территориях берегоукрепление проектируют с учетом технических и экономических требований, но особое значение придают эстетическим.
Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.
План конспект по профессиональному английскому языку на тему «Components of automobile»
Урока: профессиональный английский язык
Theme: Components of the Automobile
— Presentation of the lexis material connected with components of an automobile, practicing of grammar skills;
— Developing of reading, writing, listening and speaking abilities;
— Bringing – up of the interest to English and auto mechanics.
Type of the lesson: combined lesson.
Kind of the lesson: traditional lesson.
Methods: problem studying, role game.
Equipment: the book, cards, the blackboard.
Plan of the lesson:
I. Organizational moment:
IV. Presentation of new theme:
Pre – reading activities. Introducing into new lexis material:
Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомни nt их русские эквиваленты.
engine (power plant) — двигатель (силовая установка)
power train — силовая передача
running gear — ходовая часть
gearbox — коробка передач
propeller shaft — карданный вал
rear axle — задний мост
axle shafts — полуоси
frame with axles — рама с осями
wheels and springs — колеса с рессорами
windshield wiper — стеклоочиститель
include — включать в себя
consist of — состоять из
in turn — в свою очередь
source of power — источник энергии
Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.
Automobile, chassis, electric, system, control, differential, ventilator, cylinder.
The automobile is made up of three basic parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body.
The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders
The chassis includes a power train (power transmission), a running gear, steering and braking systems as well.
The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels.
The power transmission, in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts. The running gear consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs.
The body has a hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner, speedometer and so on.
Упражнение 3. Выберите и запишите термины, данные ниже, которые относятся к:
the engine ( двигателю ); the chassis ( шасси ); the body ( кузову ).
Fuel system, axle shaft, accessories, cooling system, frame with axles, running gear, lubricating system, steering system, heater, propeller shaft, power transmission, final drive, windshield wiper, clutch, wheels and axle shafts, gearbox, electric system, differential.
Дайте русские эквиваленты приведенных выше терминов.
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:
1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?
2.What is the function of the engine?
3.What systems does the engine include?
4.What does the chassis consist of?
5.What units does the power transmission comprise?
6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?
7.What has the body?
1. The automobile is made up of.
1. a power transmission, running gear, steering and braking systems.
2. the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential and axle shafts.
3. a hood, fenders and accessories.
4. the engine, the chassis and the body.
5. a frame with axles, wheels and springs.
6. the source of power.
7. fuel, cooling, electric and lubricating systems.
Упражнение 7. Прочтите диалог несколько раз, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.
A: Do you know what parts the automobile is made up of?
A: What is the source of power?
B: The source of power is the engine. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems.
A :And what does the chassis consist of?
B : It consists of a power transmission, running gear, steering and braking systems. By the way, the power transmission, in turn, comprises the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts.
A :And what has the body?
B : The body has a hood, fenders and accessories, such as: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner and so on.
A: Thank you very much for your information.
B: Don’t mention it. I am glad to help you.
Презентация к уроку
Тип занятия: урок повторения, обобщения и систематизации знаний.
Вид занятия: самостоятельная работа. Презентация результатов самостоятельной работы с элементами творческого отчета.
— систематизировать знания студентов по теме: “Моя будущая профессия. Устройство автомобиля”;
— активизировать ранее изученную лексику по теме;
— совершенствовать навыки монологической и диалогической речи.
— развивать интеллектуальные способности студентов;
— формировать умение выделять главное, сравнивать и анализировать;
— развивать умение выразить себя.
— воспитывать самостоятельность мышления студентов;
— содействовать профориентации учащихся;
— формировать потребность в практическом использовании языка.
Межпредметные связи: русский язык, тракторы и автомобили, ТО.
Оборудование и оснащение урока: мультимидийное оборудование, раздаточный материал.
— развитие познавательных интересов;
1. Организационный момент
1.2. Раппорт дежурного.
2. Сообщение темы занятия. (Фрагмент м/ф “Ну, погоди!”)
3. Фонетическая зарядка.
4. Актуализация знаний и мотивация с использованием различных методических форм и приемов: устный опрос, групповая работа, индивидуальная работа, коллективная работа, самостоятельная работа, проговаривание.
4.1. Перевод следующих слов и выражений.
4.2. Поиск английских эквивалентов.
4.3. Работа со схемами.
4.5. Выполнение заданий к тексту.
5. Обобщение и систематизация знаний.
5.1.Презентация результатов самостоятельной работы.
6. Подведение итогов урока преподавателем.
7. Домашнее задание.
1. Организационный момент.
St: Раппорт дежурного (число, день недели, погода, готовность группы к уроку)
2. Сообщение темы занятия.
(Учащимся предлагается прослушать, прочитать, перевести)
Some people often say to mе:
«Have уоu decided what уоu want to bе?»
I usually answer, «I don’t know,»
But it isn’t really so.
I want to win аn Olympic race,
I want to see the Earth from space,
I want to travel to Katmandu
I want to bе rich and famous, too.
I want to bе оn Hollywood’s screen,
I want to invent а new machine,
I want to bе very clever and wise,
I want to win the Nobel prize,
But most of all, I want to bе
Healthy and strong, and nice.
T: Yes, we’re going to talk about the profession. But what profession shall we speak about? Look at the screen and try to guess. (Фрагмент м/ф “Ну, погоди!”)
T: All right. We’ll speak about technician (mechanic).
3. Фонетическая зарядка. Повторение лексики по теме.
T: Say after me and make up your own sentences using these words
4. Актуализация знаний и мотивация. Слайд 4
T: You are going to be the car mechanics. It means you’ll repair different cars, tractors, excavators. Look at the screen and try to guess what spare parts are there.
(Учащиеся называют детали автомобиля, универсального трактора, следуя рисункам и схемам на экране). (Приложения 1. Приложения 2) Слайд 6-8
T: Now, it’s time to read and translate the text. (Просмотровое чтение)
Components of the Automobile
The automobile is made up of three basic parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body.
The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders
The chassis includes a power train (power transmission), a running gear, steering and braking systems as well.
The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels. The power transmission, in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts.
The running gear consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs.
The body has a hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner, speedometer and so on.
T: Have you read? O’K. Please, Fill in the necessary words and expressions from the second column. Слайд 9
T: Good. Look at the screen, read and translate the following sentences. Слайд 10-11
1. Автомобиль состоит из трех основных частей: двигателя, шасси и кузова.
2.Двигатель — это источник энергии.
3. Двигатель включает в себя топливную, охлаждающую, смазывающую и электрическую системы.
4. Шасси включает в себя силовую передачу, ходовую часть, рулевую и тормозную системы.
5. Силовая передача (трансмиссия), в свою очередь, состоит из
сцепления, коробки передач, карданного вала, главной передачи, дифференциала, заднего моста и полуосей.
6. Ходовая часть включает в себя раму с осями, колеса и рессоры.
7. Кузов включает в себя капот, крылья и вспомогательные аксессуары: отопитель, стеклоочистители, магнитолу, кондиционер и т.п.
1. The automobile is made up of the engine, the chassis and the body.
2. The engine is the source of power.
3. The engine includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems.
4. The chassis includes a power train, a running gear, steering and braking system.
5. The power train (power transmission), in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts.
6. The running gear includes a frame with axles, wheels and springs.
7. The body includes hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, windshield wipers, stereo tape recorder, conditioner and so on.
T: Put the words in the right order to make a dialogue. Слайд 12
B: It is made up of.
A: What does the power train include?
A: What units does the body comprise?
Engine, chassis, body, power train, running gear, steering system, brakes, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle, axle shafts, hood and fenders, heater, windshield wipers, information, conditioner, consist(s) of, the source of power, include, fuel, cooling, lubricating, electric systems, is made up of.
A: What parts does the automobile is made up of.
B: It is made up of the engine, the chassis and the body.
A: What is the source of power?
В: The source of power is the engine.
A: What systems does the engine include?
В: It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems.
В: The chassis consist of power train, running gear, steering system.
A: What does the power train include?
B: The power train includes clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle, axle shafts
A: What units does the body comprise?
B: It comprises a hood and fenders and accessories such as heater, windshield wipers, conditioner.
A: Thank you for your information.
T: Please, Choose the right variants of the words. Слайд 13-24
1. Mechanism which is used to stop the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
2. Mechanism which is used to guide the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
3. Mechanism which engages or disengages the engine and the car wheels.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
4. Mechanism which is used to change the speed of the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) accelerator.
5. Mechanism which is used to guide the car in one or the other directions.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
6. Device which is designed to measure the speed of the car.
a) heater; b) windscreen; c) speedometer; d) tachometer.
5. Обобщение и систематизация знаний.
5.1. Презентация результатов самостоятельной работы.
T: Thank you. And now, let me introduce the students from USA. They study at the college, at the automobile-construction department. When they graduate from the college they’ll become a technician. Let’s hear them.
(Студенты приготовили свои выступления с презентациями, где рассказали о своем учебном заведении, о профессии механика, о разновидностях моделей автомобилей.)
6. Подведение итогов урока преподавателем.
T: Let’s sum up. Today you’ve found out what is your profession, what kind of automobile may be. You worked hard and your marks are…
7. Домашнее задание.
T: Your home task is to write some words about your future profession.
2. “Иностранные языки в школе” 2006, №8.
3. В. А. Шляхова “Английский язык для студентов автомобилестроительных специальностей” М. “Высшая школа”, 2008.
5. Л.В.Харисова “Межпредметные связи в процессе преподавания английского языка”.
The engine (двигателю); the chassis (шасси); the body (кузову)
Fuel system, axle shaft, accessories, cooling system, frame with axles, running gear, lubricating system, steering system, heater, propeller shaft, power transmission, final drive, windshield wiper, clutch, wheels and axle shafts, gearbox, electric system, differential.
Дайте русские эквиваленты приведенных выше терминов.
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:
1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?
2.What is the function of the engine?
3.What systems does the engine include?
4.What does the chassis consist of?
5.What units does the power transmission comprise?
6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?
7.What has the body?
Упражнение 5. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующее по смыслу окончание.
Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты предложений и запишите их.
1.Автомобиль состоит из трех основных частей: двигателя, шасси и кузова.
2.Двигатель — это источник энергии.
3.Двигатель включает в себя топливную, охлаждающую, смазывающую и электрическую системы.
4.Шасси включает в себя силовую передачу, ходовую часть, рулевую и тормозную системы.
5.Силовая передача (трансмиссия), в свою очередь, состоит из сцепления, коробки передач, карданного вала, главной передачи, дифференциала, заднего моста и полуосей.
6.Ходовая часть включает в себя раму с осями, колеса и рессоры.
7.Кузов включает в себя капот, крылья и вспомогательные аксессуары: отопитель, стеклоочистители, магнитолу, кондиционер и т. п.
Упражнение7. Прочтите диалог несколько раз, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.
A: Do you know what parts the automobile is made up of?
В.: Certainly. It is made up of the engine, the chassis and the body,
A: What is the source of power?
B:The source of power is the engine. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems.
A:And what does the chassis consist of?
B:It consists of a power transmission, running gear, steering and braking systems. By the way, the power transmission, in turn, comprises the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts.
A:And what has the body?
B:The body has a hood, fenders and accessories, such as: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner and so on.
A:Thank you very much for your information.
B:Don’t mention it. I am glad to help you.
Упражнение8. Найдите в диалоге слова и словосочетания, эквивалентные русским словам и словосочетаниям, приведенным ниже.
Сделан из; шасси; кузов; включать в себя; топливная, охлаждающая, смазывающая и электрическая системы; трансмиссия; ходовая часть; рулевая и тормозная системы; карданный вал; главная передача; дифференциал; задний мост; полуоси; капот; крылья; вспомогательные устройства; стеклоочистители.
Упражнение9.Запишите на аудиокассету реплики собеседника А и повторяйте в паузах реплики собеседника В (возможна работа в парах).
Упражнение 10. Запишите на аудиокассету реплики собеседника В и повторяйте в паузах реплики собеседника А.
Упражнение11. Закончите предложения, используя необходимые слова или словосочетания, данные ниже.
B:It is made up of.
A: What is.
A: What does the power train include?
A:What units does the body comprise?
Engine, chassis, body, power train, running gear, steering system, brakes, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle, axle shafts, hood and fenders, heater, windshield wipers, information, conditioner, consist(s) of, the source of power, include, fuel, cooling, lubricating, electric systems.
Упражнение 12. Разыграйте диалог в парах.
Упражнение 13. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки.
| 1. | power plant | a. | сцепление |
| 2. | chassis | b. | силовая передача |
| 3. | body | c. | главная передача |
| 4. | power train | d. | колеса |
| 5. | running gear | e. | система рулевого управления |
| 6. | steering system | f. | капот |
| 7. | brakes | g. | полуоси |
| 8. | clutch | h. | ходовая часть |
| 9. | gearbox | i. | топливная система |
| 10. | propeller shaft | j. | стеклоочистители |
| 11. | final drive | k. | коробка передач |
| 12. | rear axle | l. | система смазки |
| 13. | axle shafts | m. | силовая установка |
| 14. | frame | n. | рама |
| 15. | wheels | o. | в свою очередь |
| 16. | springs | p. | тормоза |
| 17. | hood | q. | рессоры |
| 18. | fenders | r. | также |
| 19. | windshield wipers | s. | шасси |
| 20. |  fuel system | t. | карданный вал |
21.cooling system u. задний мост
22. lubricating system v. источник энергии
23.in turn w. система охлаждения
24.as well x. крылья
25.source of power y. кузов
Упражнение 14. Ответьте на вопросы.
1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?
2.What is the function of the engine?
3.What systems does the engine include?
4.What does the chassis consist of?
5.What units does the power transmission comprise?
6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?
7.What has the body?
Упражнение 15. Выберите и запишите соответствующий описанию механизм.
1.Mechanism which is used to stop the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
2.Mechanism which is used to guide the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
3.Mechanism which engages or disengages the engine and the car wheels.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
4.Mechanism which is used to change the speed of the car.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) accelerator.
5.Mechanism which is used to guide the car in one or the other directions.
a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.
6.Device which is designed to measure the speed of the car.
a) heater; b) windscreen; c) speedometer; d) tachometer.
Main Parts of Automobile | Basic Components of Car.
In this article, you will learn in details about the components and parts of automobile. Keep reading.
Table of Contents
Components, Parts of Automobile.
An automobile has several numbers of parts. But there are four essential components of automobile. These are:
1. The Chassis.
2. The Engine.
3. The Transmission System.
4. The Body.
Apart from these four essential parts of automobile, there are controls and auxiliaries.
The controls are meant for controlling the movement of the vehicle. The auxiliaries are additional components meant for providing comfort to the user of the automobile.
1. The Chassis.
The chassis of an automobile incorporates all the major assemblies consisting of an engine, components of transmission system such as clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, axles, a control system such as brakes and steering, and suspension system of the vehicle.
In other words, it is the vehicle without its body.
The chassis of an automobile has the frame, suspension system, axles, and wheel as the main components. The frame could be in the form of conventional chassis or unit construction may be adopted.
In a conventional chassis frame, the frame forms the main skeleton of vehicle. It supports engine, power transmission, and car body.
The frame is supported on wheels and axles through springs. The frame carries the weight of the vehicle and passengers, withstands engine, transmission, accelerating, and braking torques.
It also withstands the centrifugal forces while cornering and takes up stresses due to the rise and fall of axles.
In the unit construction type, there is no frame. The structure of the body of the automobile is first formed, and then different components such as the engine, transmission system, and other parts are placed at suitable places in the body structure.
The transmission system itself consists of a number of parts such as clutch assembly, gearbox, propeller shaft, differential, and axles.
The other parts include the interior details which are utilized by the passengers and driver of the vehicle. Through suitable designing, the parts are so arranged that they provide maximum comfort and make journeys in the automobile enjoyable.
The other parts of the chassis are suspension system, axles, and wheel. The suspension system absorbs the vibrations due to up and down movement of wheels.
Springs and shock absorbers connecting the frame and the axle perform this function. The springs can be leaf spring, coil spring, or torsion bar. Even rubber or air can form the material of springs.
The wheels of the vehicle can be suspended independently on springs or on spring-suspended axles. The axle may be ‘live’ if power from the engine is transmitted to it.
It may be a ‘dead’ axle if no power is supplied to it and it is just supporting the weight of the vehicle. In ‘four-wheel drive,’ the power is supplied to both the axles and therefore both the axles are ‘live.’
In addition to providing support to the weight of the vehicle, the axle also resists the stresses due to braking and driving torque.
2. The Engine.
The engine is the source of motive power to an automobile. Obviously, it is a very important part of the automobile because in the absence of an engine, the automobile may not move at all, and its basic function of transporting passengers or goods would be defeated.
The power of the engine determines the working of the automobile. In the same manner, the efficiency of the engine determines the efficiency of an automobile.
The engine, nowadays, is invariably an internal combustion engine. This may be a spark-ignition engine consuming petrol as fuel.
Alternatively, it could be a compression ignition engine using diesel as fuel.
The engines used are multi-cylinder engines. A single-cylinder engine, though capable of providing the desired power may become very heavy and therefore may be unsuitable.
In a multi-cylinder engine, each cylinder handling a smaller amount of power may keep engine light in weight. In an internal combustion engine, total heat produced by the burning of fuel is not converted into work.
Part of it causes over-all heating of engine which is undesirable. This heat is to be dissipated properly. Coolant in the form of air or water may be used to take away this heat.
So an engine can be air-cooled or water-cooled. These days some chemicals have been developed which have a cooling property, and these remain unaffected for a longer period of time.
These chemicals are being used as coolants, and these do not require frequent replacement. Apart from their long life, they are more efficient also.
Similarly, lubrication is another aspect to be taken care of in an engine requiring periodic attention from the user.
The moving parts in an engine need regular lubrication to reduce unwanted friction. The chemistry of lubricant is now highly developed. There is a standard rating for lubricants and for every purpose a specific lubricant is available.
3. The Transmission System.
The transmission system transmits power developed by the engine to the road wheels. The power available as output from the engine is in the form of rotation of the crankshaft.
This movement is to be transferred to the road wheels to cause their rotary motion. Their rotary motion makes possible the movement of the vehicle.
The transmission system consists of different parts. These include clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, differential and axle, live axle to be more precise.
The road wheels are at the ends of the axle. The motion is transmitted through these parts. Every part of the transmission system performs its own function.
i. Clutch.
The clutch, part of the transmission system is next to the crankshaft. It is a mechanism enabling the rotary motion of one shaft transmitted to the second shaft ‘at will.’
When the engine starts, it should not be connected to road wheels, i.e., these should not start moving as soon as the engine starts.
Secondly, this motion should be smoothly transferred so that passengers in the car do not feel discomfort, and its mechanism is not spoiled.
In the case of vehicles used for the transportation of goods, the smooth transmission process is essential as otherwise, it may cause damage to goods.
ii. Gearbox.
The gearbox is the component of the transmission system next to the clutch. It has got a gear train, and it provides different gear ratios. These ratios determine the rotary speed of output shaft from the gearbox.
The torque transmitted to the road wheels gives rise to a propulsive force or (tractive effort) between these and the road. When starting from rest, a large tractive effort is required.
This makes essential the introduction of considerable ‘leverage’ between the engine and the wheels so that torque from the engine, which is almost constant, produces the large tractive effort.
This ‘leverage’ is provided by the gearbox.
Different gear ratios available in the gearbox can provide the required tractive effort to overcome the resistance faced by the automobile under different conditions.
Propeller shaft transmits the output from the gearbox to the axle. This axle may be in the rear or in the front or in some cases both the rear and front axle may receive output from the gearbox.
The output from the gearbox is in the form of rotary motion of the shaft, and this motion is transferred to the axle.
iii. Differential.
The differential is the next component of the transmission system. The motion of propeller shaft is fed to the differential which turns it through 90 degrees. This is essential as the axle is at 90 degrees to the propeller shaft.
The function is performed with the help of a pinion and a gear. Another important function of the differential is to reduce the speed of inner wheels and at the same time, enhance the speed of outer wheels by the same amount.
This is required when the automobile is moving on a curved path. On a curved path, the outer wheels are required to traverse a circle of a bigger radius than the inner wheels.
This means that the outer wheels are required to traverse larger distance as compared to inner wheels. As the automobile is to move as a single unit, all the four wheels must travel together.
Therefore, the outer wheels should travel larger distance and inner wheels should travel smaller distance in the same time period.
Hence, the variation in the speed of inner and outer wheels is needed. This is performed by the differential with the help of sun and planet gear system.
iv. Axle.
The axle is the next component of the transmission system. The axle receiving power from the engine is termed as ‘live’ axle. It is in two halves.
The ends of the axle have road wheels connected to it. These road wheels are in direct contact with the road surface. The body of the automobile is above the axle.
The axle also takes up the various loads including the weight of the automobile. It also transmits motion to the road wheels.
4. The Body.
The use of a separate frame to which the body structure is attached is now almost obsolete except for some applications for heavy-duty commercial vehicles.
Many heavy vehicles now use ‘sub-frames’ of simple construction to which the engine and gearbox are attached.
The sub-frame is supported on the mainframe and is fixed on it through some suitable rubber connections to isolate the engine vibrations.
Due to development in spot welding and sheet pressing techniques, most of the vehicles have integral construction. All the assembly units of the vehicles are attached to the body, which also acts the frame.
It makes the vehicle compact, lightweight, and also its cost is reduced. Some intermediate designs using a light chassis and a pressed steel body are also in use.
The light chassis, in such designs, is strengthened by using platform made of a sheet of steel. Apart from the four basic components described above, the automobile has the control systems and auxiliaries.
The control systems are used to control the motion of an automobile and therefore are essential in an automobile. These include;
i. The steering system, and
ii. Braking system or brakes.
i. Steering system.
The automobile, while moving, may be required to traverse a circular path. It has to be turned through some angle if the path is not straight.
There may be other situations also when the road is turning towards left or right, and an automobile is required to turn to left or right.
This turning of the automobile towards left or right or on the curved path is provided through steering mechanism.
The steering system is required to be quite accurate as the automobile should turn accurately along with the path.
ii. Braking system.
This causes a reduction in speed of the vehicle and brings it to rest when necessary. Bringing an automobile to rest is as important as its movement.
Obviously, when we have reached our destination, we would like to stop; and therefore, the vehicle should come to rest.
Also, there may be some kind of emergency and vehicle may be required to slow down or stop on the way. At that time, also its motion is to be controlled.
This control on the motion is provided with the help of brakes.
5. The Auxiliaries.
These are the components of an automobile which may not be essential, but it can make the driving more comfortable.
The fact is that with the passage of time, some auxiliaries become essential. A few years back, the indicators—to indicate the turning vehicle—were not used. But now these have been made mandatory by the government.
Though air-conditioner is not essential and is just to provide comfort conditions, now it is provided in every vehicle in developed countries and is being adopted by more and more people.
The study of automobile engineering involves going through an in-depth study of all the components and parts of automobile.
These include engine, transmission system, control, and auxiliaries system.
The engine used in an automobile is an internal combustion engine. The transmission system consists of a number of parts, the introduction of which has already been presented.
Suspension systems, wheels, and tires are also important components, parts of automobile. Study of steering mechanism and brakes is also important as these form the control system in an automobile.