He this job several times what made him refuse it

He this job several times what made him refuse it

He this job several times what made him refuse it

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

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Тест №1 Настоящее совершенное время/ Настоящее Совершенное Время

Since then I ______ my job several time.
changed
has changed
have changed

“You ______ your hair”, he cried.
have dyed
dyed

Jane ______ suddenly that there was a letter attached to the painting.
found
has found
had found

I ______ that point yet.
haven’t considered
didn’t consider
not considered

Mary isn’t at home. She ______ to work.
went
was
has gone

They ______ in construction business for 5 years.
were
have been
are

He can’t find a job. He ______ unemployed for half a year.
was
has been
have been

Nick and Sally ______ each other since their school years.
have known
knowed
knew

His spirits ______ a little. He’s all right now.
revived
has revived
have revived

“I ______ the letter you asked about, sir,” said the butler.
brought
‘ve brought
‘s brought

He ______ his driving test. He is so happy. He hasn’t been able to pass it for three years.
has just passed
have just passed
just passed

I ______ my keys. I can’t get in.
Have lost
lost
have losed

The taxi ______. Hurry up!
arrives
have arrived
has irrived

Will have been reconstructed

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

will be reconstructed

I liked

If I were you, I … a computer.

Would buy

will have bought

would have bought

We … learn from past

Must

… you like a cup of coffee?

Would

I don`t like films … have unhappy endings.

Which

To be

Neither am I

What … booms and depressions in free economies?

Causes

How long … you to answer all the questions?

Did it take

It is … a boring book that I don’t advise you to read it.

Such

In spite of Shakespeare’s fame we know very … about his life.

Little

The first film of this director is much more interesting … the second one.

Than

As far as I know he speaks neither Spanish … Italian.

Nor

Would you like … piece of cake?

Another

What … dress you’re wearing today!

a wonderful

… striking features of English life is the self-discipline of all classes.

One of the most

The one of most

The job was … worse than she had expected.

Much

The water of the Dead Sea is so salty that … live in it.

Nothing can

He’s hungry. He hasn’t had … breakfast this morning.

Any

Anywhere

A piece of advice

Yet

I’m afraid I haven’t … with me.

Any money

Yet

There are too … soap operas on the television.

Many

We’re going … in December.

To ski

The furniture in this shop … very expensive.

is

She is the … intelligent girl in the group.

Most

Take your umbrella. I think … going to rain.

It’s

What … to do next summer?

Are you going

— in crisis

18 The owners of the stadium … its maintenance last year.

— must have neglected

— should have neglecting

— had not to neglect

— ought to neglect

19 If Bill Gates hadn’t been in the right place at the right time, Microsoft … a household name.

— could have became

— would not have became

— wouldn’t have become

20 Minutes … to the chair for approval.

— are took and then submitted

— is taken and then submitted

— submitted and then taken

— are taken and then submitted

• If asked the assistant will tell … she knows.

to you everything what

it to you all what

You everything

• … by a firm, … theoretically produce.

The more well-trained workers will be employed … the more will it

More well-trained workers are employed … more it

The more well-trained workers are employed … the more that firm can

The more good-trained workers employed … more can it

• The British … newspaper-reading nations in the world.

are one of the biggest

is one of the biggest

• … in Britain has one or more local newspapers.

Almost every of areas

Nearly every area

Quite each area

Each of the area

• I’m exhausted because ….

I had been on the move all the time

I’ve been doing something for all day

I’ve been on the go all day

I was constantly moving all day long

• By this time next week you … of the participants.

will be informing every one

have informed everybody

‘ll have informed each

will inform every

if an opportunity doesn’t raise here soon

unless a chance doesn’t appear within the near future

until an opportunity doesn’t arise here

Unless an opportunity presents itself in the near future

Will have attended

will be attended

shall have attend

I shall leave only after I’ll manage to make my tutor see my point

I’ll leave after I’ve made the tutor see my point

I won’t leave unless my tutor isn’t made to see my point

I won’t be leaving until you have made the tutor to see my point

are going to be constructed

has been being constructed

Has been constructed

will have been constructed

shall write since

shall be writing during

Shall have been writing for

will not probably be preparing

won’t probably be making

Will have been doing

will be rewriting

Once

in this year in summer

in their remote childhood

are going to be send off

are sending off immediately

Have all been sent off

had already been posted

• Unless I … a quiet room I … to do my work.

haven’t … can’t be able

have … won’t be able

will be able to have … can

shall have … am unable

They were explained the procedure several … so difficult to follow

The professor explained to them the procedure a few … extreme difficult to follow

The procedure was explained a few … too difficult to follow

The procedure was explained to them few … too difficult to follow it

• You wouldn’t believe it. It … repaired after the accident.

Время Present Perfect в Английском языке

В свое время, изучая английский язык, я постоянно путалась в английских временах, и мне было очень трудно понять, в каких же случаях использовать этот злосчастный Present Perfect. Постараюсь сегодня объяснить максимально понятно и просто, в каких случаях необходимо употреблять Present Perfect, а не какие-то другие английские времена.

Неопределенное время в прошлом

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Мы используем Present Perfect, чтобы сказать, что событие произошло в неопределенный момент в прошлом. То есть мы не называем, когда именно это произошло. Мы говорим только, что это было в прошлом. Называть конкретное время не обязательно. Нельзя употреблять Present Perfect с такими выражениями, как yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, и так далее. А с выражениями, которые не называют какой-то определенный момент времени Present Perfect как раз употреблять и нужно. Это выражения ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, и так далее.

Рассмотрим несколько примеров:

I have seen that movie twenty times. (Я видел этот фильм 20 раз).

I think I have met him once before. (Думаю, я его однажды встречал).

I‘ve never worn a tie to work, and I refuse to start now! — Я никогда не носил галстук на работу и отказываюсь начинать это делать!

There have been many earthquakes in California. (В Калифорнии было много землетрясений).

Have you read the book yet? (Ты еще не прочитал эту книгу?)

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. (Никто никогда не забирался на ту гору).

B: Yes, there has been a war in Russia. (Да, в России была война).

I‘ve broken my arm, as you can see. — Я сломал руку, как видишь.

I have finished writing the shopping list, I can go shopping now. — Я закончил составлять список покупок, теперь я могу идти за покупками.

Her cat has died. — Ее кошка умерла. (=она мертва)

Заметьте, что ни в одном из примеров не был назван конкретный момент времени.

Все же такая формулировка, как «неопределенны момент времени» может быть вам не понятна. Давайте тогда разделим употребление Present Perfect по темам.

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

1. Упоминание о чьем-то опыте

Можно использовать настоящее совершенное время, рассказывая о своем опыте. Это то же самое, что и фраза «I have the experience of…» Соответственно, если у вас не было подобного опыта по сей день, можно сказать об этом, используя это же время. Однако вы не можете упомянуть при помощи Present Perfect о каком-то специфическом событии.

I have been to France. (Имеется в виду, что у вас был опыт пребывания во Франции. Возможно, вы были там однажды, а, может быть, и несколько раз).

I have been to France three times. (Можете поставить в конце предложения сколько угодно «раз»).

I have never been to France. (Здесь говорится о том, что у вас не было опыта поездки во Францию.)

I think I have seen that movie before. Я видел этот фильм раньше (У вас уже был такой опыт).

He has never traveled by train. Он никогда не ездил на поезде (нет такого опыта)

Joan has studied two foreign languages. Джоан выучила два иностранных языка. (Она знает их сейчас).

A: Have you ever met him? (Ты его встречала?) B: No, I have not met him. (Нет, не встречала).

2. Изменения, произошедшие за определенный период времени

You have grown since the last time I saw you. (Ты вырос с того момента, как я видел тебя последний раз.)

The government has become more interested in arts education. (Государство стало более заинтересованным в художественном образовании.)

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. (Японский язык стал одним из популярных в университетах с тех пор, как появились азиатские программы обучения.)

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. (Я заметно улучшил свой английский с тех пор, как переехал в Австралию.)

3. Достижения

Present Perfect употребляется, когда мы упоминаем достижения человека или человечества. Но определенный момент мы не называем.

Our son has learned how to read. (Наш сын научился читать.)

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. (Врачи вылечили множество смертельных болезней.)

Scientists have split the atom. (Ученые расщепили атом.)

4. Пока не произошедшее событие, которое мы ожидаем

Используя настоящее незавершенное время, мы подразумеваем, что ожидаем, что произойдет какое-то событие.

James has not finished his homework yet. (Джеймс не доделал домашнюю работу.)

I haven’t found her phone number yet. (Я еще не нашел ее номер телефона.)

Как правильно говорить о будущем на английском

Susan hasn’t mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. (Сьюзан пока не стала специалистом по японскому языку, но может общаться.)

Bill has still not arrived. (Билл пока не приехал.)

The train hasn’t stopped. (Поезд не остановился.)

5. Несколько действий в разное время

Мы используем Present Perfect, говоря о событиях, которые происходили несколько раз в разное время в прошлом. Употребление именно этого времени говорит о том, что процесс еще не закончился и может снова произойти.

The army has attacked that city five times. (Армия атаковала город несколько раз.)

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. (В этом семестре у меня было четыре викторины и пять тестов.)

We have had many major problems while working on this project. (У нас было много больших проблем во время работы над проектом.)

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. (Она разговаривала с несколькими специалистами о своей проблеме, но никто не знает, чем она больна.)

6. Недавние действия

I‘ve left my shopping bag behind. — Я забыл сумку для покупок. (Нет определенного времени — просто сумка сейчас не со мной. Но смотрите другой пример: I left my shopping bag on the train. Здесь используется Past Simple, так как человек конкретно знает, что забыл сумку в поезде, а значит, он знает время, когда это произошло.)

There’s been a big fire at the factory. — На фабрике был большой пожар.

She’s just had a baby. — Она только что родила.

He’s just had lunch. — Он только что пообедал.

I‘ve just broken my watch. — Я только что сломал свои часы.

The value of the dollar has risen in recent weeks. — Стоимость доллара возросла за последние несколько недель.

7. Действия и события, происходящие в еще не завершенный период времени

I‘ve drunk for cups of coffee today. Я выпил 4 чашки кофе сегодня. (День еще не закончился.)

Have you seen the news this week? Ты видел новости на этой этой неделе? (Неделя еще не закончилась.) Сравните: Did you see the news yesterday? — Past Simple (вчерашний день уже закончился).

I haven’t seen him this month. Я не видел его в этом месяце. (Месяц еще не закончился.)

I‘ve broken my car twice this year. Я дважды ломал свою машину за этот год. (Год еще не закончился.)

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Выражение времени с Present Perfect

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Еще раз напомню, что, употребление Present Perfect характеризует какое-то время в прошлом. Называть какой-то точный момент времени не так важно. Иногда мы хотим ограничить период времени в прошлом, разговаривая о свое или чужом опыте.

Have you been to Mexico in the last year? Ты хотя бы раз был в Мексике за прошлый год?

I have seen that movie six times in the last year. За последний год я посмотрел этот фильм 6 раз.

They have had three tests in the last week. За прошлую неделю у них было 3 теста.

She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far. Она закончила университет меньше, чем три года назад. Это время она работала на трех разных компаниях.

My car has broken down three times this week. На этой неделе моя машина ломалась 3 раза.

ВАЖНОЕ ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ. «Last year» и «in the last year» имеют разные значения. «Last year» означает «в прошлом году», что является определенным моментом времени, поэтому используется Past Simple. «in the last year» — это 365 дней назад, то есть в любой из этих дней. Это не предполагает определенный момент времени, поэтому употребляется Present Perfect.

I went to Mexico last year. Я ездил в Мексику в прошлом году (год назад).

I have been to Mexico in the last year. Я был в Мексике по крайней мере в один из 365-ти дней из периода между сегодняшним днем и прошлым.

Продолжительность с момента в прошлом до настоящего времени

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Актуально для глаголов, не образующих ing-формы (non-continuous verbs), а также для смешанных глаголов (mixed verbs). В этом случае мы употребляем Present Perfect для обозначения событий, начавшихся в прошлом и длящихся до сих пор. «For five minutes,» «for two weeks,» и «since Tuesday» — все эти выражения можно использовать с настоящим совершенным временем.

I have had a cold for two weeks. Я болею простудой две недели. Заболел в прошлом, но до сих пор продолжает болеть.

She has been in England for six months. Она в Англии 6 месяцев. Приехала в прошлом и еще не уехала.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. Мэри любит шоколад с детства.

Иногда с Present Perfect могут использоваться и глаголы, образующие ing-формы: Например, глаголы «live,» «work,» «teach,» и «study».

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Present Perfect Active | Утверждение, Отрицание, Вопрос

В этой статье вы узнаете, что такое Present Perfect, когда он используется и какие у него показатели. Вы ознакомитесь с примерами глагольных и безглагольных утверждений, отрицаний и вопросов в Present Perfect в действительном залоге и таблицей их построения, а также закрепите изученные правила в тестах.

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse itPresent Perfect, действительный залог

Что такое Present Perfect

Present Perfect — это настоящее завершенное время. Оно отличается от Past Simple тем, что действие было выполнено совсем недавно.

Когда используется Present Perfect

Present Perfect используется для того, чтобы сказать о том, что вы недавно завершили какое-то действие. Например:

Present Perfect также используется для описания опыта ваших действий. При помощи этого времени вы можете рассказать о том, что вы когда-либо делали или не делали. Например:

Показатели Present Perfect

Показатель — это такое слово или несколько слов, которые указывают на конкретное время в английском языке.

К показателям Present Perfect относятся следующие слова и выражения:

Эти показатели тесно связаны с недавним завершенным действием или опытом действия (смотрите выше в разделе «Когда используется Present Perfect»).

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Утверждение в Present Perfect

Подлежащее ставится на первое место в утвердительных предложениях в Present Perfect. Далее идет вспомогательный глагол has для he, she it или have для I, we, you, they. Следом за ним — связка been в безглагольных предложениях или основной глагол в третьей форме в глагольных предложениях.

Структура утвердительных безглагольных предложений в Present Perfect:

Подлежащее + вспомогательный глагол has / have + глагол связка been

Структура утвердительных глагольных предложений в Present Perfect:

Подлежащее + вспомогательный глагол has / have + основной глагол в третьей форме

Примеры утверждений в Present Perfect

Отрицание в Present Perfect

Подлежащее ставится на первое место в отрицательных предложениях в Present Perfect. Далее идет вспомогательный глагол has для he, she it или have для I, we, you, they. Следом за ним — отрицательная частица not. Далее ставится связка been в безглагольных предложениях или основной глагол в третьей форме в глагольных предложениях.

Структура отрицательных безглагольных предложений в Present Perfect:

Подлежащее + вспомогательный глагол has / have + отрицательная частица not + глагол связка been

Структура отрицательных глагольных предложений в Present Perfect:

Подлежащее + вспомогательный глагол has / have + отрицательная частица not + основной глагол в третьей форме

Примеры отрицаний в Present Perfect

Вопрос в Present Perfect

В вопросительном предложении в Present Perfect вспомогательный глагол has для he, she it или have для I, we, you, they ставится на первое место, если нет вопросительного слова. Далее идет подлежащее. За ним следует глагол связка been в безглагольном предложении, или основной глагол в третьей форме в глагольном предложении

Структура вопросительных безглагольных предложений в Present Perfect:

Вопросительное слово (если есть) + вспомогательный глагол has / have + подлежащее + глагол связка been

Структура вопросительных глагольных предложений в Present Perfect:

Вопросительное слово (если есть) + вспомогательный глагол has / have + подлежащее + основной глагол в третьей форме

Примеры вопросов в Present Perfect

Present Perfect: безглагольное утверждение, отрицание, вопрос | Таблица

Эта таблица поможет вам запомнить, как строятся безглагольные утвердительные, отрицательные и вопросительные предложения в Present Perfect.

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse itСпособы построения безглагольных утверждений, отрицаний и вопросов в Present Perfect, Active

Present Perfect: глагольное утверждение, отрицание, вопрос | Таблица

А вот эта таблица поможет вам запомнить, как строятся глагольные утвердительные, отрицательные и вопросительные предложения в Present Perfect.

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse itСпособы построения глагольных утверждений, отрицаний и вопросов в Present Perfect, Active

Present Perfect: глагольное и безглагольное утверждение, отрицание, вопрос | Упражнения

Выполните несколько упражнений, чтобы окончательно понять, как строятся глагольные и безглагольные утверждения, отрицания и вопросы в Present Perfect.

Пожалуйста, раскройте скобки, следуя правилам построения предложений в Present Perfect:

He (have/has) already (to come)

She (have/has) (not to finish) her work yet

They (have/has) (to pass) the test?

I (have/has) (to see) you on TV recently

You (have/has) (not to complete) the course yet

You ever (to be) in Moscow?

She (not to be) in her house

I (to be) in the park recently

Ответы:

He has already come

She has not finished her work yet

Have they passed the test?

I have seen you on TV recently

You have not completed the course yet

Have you ever been in Moscow?

She has not been in her house

I have been in the park recently

Пожалуйста, переведите следующие предложения, следуя структуре Present Perfect:

Он только что пришел домой

Она ничего не сказала ему

Почему они сделали это?

Мы купили новый диван

Это еще не началось

Ты когда-нибудь был там?

Я не был в этом зоопарке

Она была в тренажерном зале сегодня

Ответы:

He has just come home

She has not told him anything

Why have they done that?

We have bought a new sofa

It has not started yet

Have you ever been there?

I have not been in this zoo

She has been in the gym today

Present Perfect Tense

Помимо времени The Past Perfect необходимо научиться распознавать и употреблять еще одно время группы Perfect — The Present Perfect Tense — настоящее совершенное время. Уже само название «совершенное» говорит само за себя — действие совершилось, закончилось.

Например: He has passed his exam. Он сдал экзамен. То есть что сделал? — сдал, совершил (а не что делал? — сдавал).

Present Perfect Tense употребляется:

для выражения действия, которое совершилось к настоящему моменту и результат которого известен. e.g. I have just talked to my wife. Я только что поговорил с женой.

для описания опыта e.g. He has been to Spain. Он побывал в Испании.

для того, чтобы показать изменения, произошедшие за какой-то промежуток времени e.g. The government has become more interested in higher education. Правительство стало больше интересоваться высшим образованием.

для описания достижений (без указания конкретного времени в прошлом) e.g. Our daughter has learnt how to write. Наша дочь научилась писать. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Врачи нашли средства лечения многих смертельных болезней.

Слова-маркеры для Present Perfect Tense:

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it
He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it
He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Чтобы составлять предложения в Present Perfect Tense, необходимо знать таблицу неправильных глаголов, а именно, их третью форму (Past Participle)

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Настоящее совершенное время

Утвердительная форма Present Perfect Tense +

Вопросительная форма Present Perfect Tense

Wh-? Специальные вопросы в Present Perfect Tense

(начинаются со специальных слов)

Present Perfect Tense — настоящее совершенное время в английском языке: правила образования и употребления, маркеры времени, примеры предложений

Любые времена категории Perfect указывают на совершенность действия, что ситуация является законченной, а не длительной или постоянной. Что же касается The Present Perfect Tense – ‘это время, которое, безусловно, связано с настоящим действием, о чем свидетельствует его название.

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Общая информация

Образование Present Perfect

Настоящее завершенное время часто доставляет трудности тем, кто находиться еще на этапе изучения английского языка, ведь здесь в силу вступает сразу несколько нюансов, которые крайне важно учитывать. Во-первых, Present Perfect образуется обязательно с использованием вспомогательных глаголов.

Это такие вспомогательные глаголы, как have и has (последний используется только для местоимений третьего лица, употребляемых в единственном числе – he, she, it). Во-вторых, за этим глаголом у настоящего совершённого времени следует основной глагол, который стоит в форме Past Participle, или Participle II (народе – третья форма глагола).

Здесь важно ориентироваться в списке неправильных глаголов, а для правильных все проще, ведь к слову добавляется просто окончание –ed.

Вопросы и отрицания

Вопросительные предложения

здесь образуются с теми же вспомогательными глаголами have и has, которые в общем вопросе, т. е. в том, ответ на который может быть «да» или «нет», стоят в первоначальной позиции:

· Have you already finished your course work? – Ты уже закончил свою курсовую работу?
· Has he just returned from his trip? – Он только что вернулся из своего путешествия?

Специальные вопросы,

в начале которых стоит вопросительное слово наподобие when, why, how, etc., образуются по схожему принципу, с той лишь разницей, что первоначальную позицию занимают именно эти вопросительные слова:

· How long has she been here? – Как давно она здесь?
· Why has he written so many articles today? – Почему он написал так много статей сегодня?

Формула Present Perfect в отрицательном предложении

практически не отличается от утвердительной формы. Здесь грамматика предусматривает простое употребление частицы not после вспомогательного глагола, где have not = haven’t, hasn’t = has not. Отрицание выглядит так:

· I haven’t completed my daily report yet – Я еще не закончил свой ежедневный отчет
· He still hasn’t brought us money – Он все еще не принес нам деньги

Note: правило предусматривает употребление этого времени в специальных вопросительных и отрицательных конструкциях с включением фразы «когда-либо», где употребляемые маркеры времени Present Perfect – наречия ever или never:

· Have you ever been to Bangkok? – Ты когда-нибудь был в Бангкоке?
· I have never seen such a beautiful landscape! – Я никогда не видел такого красивого пейзажа!

Употребление Present Perfect

Использование Present Perfect характерно для следующих ситуаций:

1. Законченное действие

Для того чтобы отобразить совершенное действие, имеющее явный отголосок в настоящем времени и в отличие от времени симпл употребляющееся для выражения законченности.

Спутники Present Perfect в таких ситуациях – это специфические наречия already, ever, never, yet (характерно для вопросительных и отрицательных предложений, где его частая позиция – в конце фразы), just, for (показывает продолжительность действия), а также те временные рамки, которые показывают, что действие еще не закончено (this year, today, etc.).

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Note: так называемый американский английский, плотно вошедший в современную жизнь, очень часто не предусматривает употребления Present Perfect даже в таких очевидных ситуаций, когда встречаются особые помощники в виде наречий или есть другие факторы, регламентирующие употребление Perfect. В таком варианте перфект игнорируется, хотя классическая грамматика этого и не одобряет:

I have lost my key – I lost my key (Я потерял ключ)

2. С предлогом «since» + Past Simple

Отдельного внимания заслуживает ситуация, когда с Present Perfect since, предлог, который переводится как «с», «с того момента, как», употребляется в одном предложении вместе с Past Simple. При таком смысле конструкция предложения строится следующим образом:

I haven’t seen her since I left for Sydney – Я не видел ее с тех пор, как уехал в Сидней

В этом примере в первой части предложения используется Present Perfect, а во второй – Past Simple. Очень часто в таких предложениях рекомендуют искать так называемую начальную точку, т. е. действие, с которого все началось. В данном примере это часть «с тех пор, как уехал в Москву».

Употребление Perfect здесь актуально по той причине, что действие выполняется (или не выполняется с тех самых пор и до сих пор, что показывает результат к сегодняшнему дню).

У Present Perfect примеры c такими ситуациями не редкость, и английский язык в этом случае дает вполне обоснованную причину такого употребления.

3. В придаточных времени

Употребление этого времени характерно и для тех случаев, когда перфект входит в состав придаточных частей времени.

Слова-маркеры Present Perfect в этом случае те же, что и в условных предложениях первого типа (Conditional I): это союзы unless, when, as soon as, before, after, etc.

Главная особенность здесь в том, что акцент происходит на законченности события, а не на его факте. Предложения на Present Perfect здесь могут быть следующими:

· I will not call him until you have told me everything – Я не позвоню ему, пока ты мне все не расскажешь
· They will come as soon as I have finished my work – Они придут, как только я закончу работу

Note: у этого правила есть исключение. При условии, если глаголы в Present Perfect здесь относятся либо к категории движения (arrive, come, return, etc.) или чувственного восприятия, то с ними употребление настоящего совершенного времени нежелательно, правильно будет поставить привычный Present Simple, более часто употребляемый в условном предложении первого типа:

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

Подведем итоги

Как становится понятно из всего вышеизложенного, фразы в перфекте образуются и употребляются, когда есть намерение продемонстрировать законченность действия или отобразить период времени, который оно занимает до настоящего момента.

Схема образования Present Perfect довольно проста, хоть и требует запоминания.

Как и любой другой видовременной формы, у Present Perfect Tense правила использования обозначены весьма четко, поэтому главное – строго следовать всем инструкциям, и тогда это время не доставит никаких неудобств.

Present perfect

а) Present perfect употребляется при описании события, произошедшего в прошлом и являющегося актуальным, существенным, значимым на момент речи о нём. При этом не имеет значения, когда это действие происходило.

Present perfect часто используется с наречиями lately (недавно), и just (только что), already (уже) never (никогда), ever (когда-либо), yet (ещё). Пример: I have forgotten his name.

– Я забыл его имя ( и не помню на данный момент)

б) Present perfect употребляется, когда действие уже совершилось, но период времени, когда оно происходило, ещё не истёк. Пример: I have met him today. – Я видел его сегодня. ( «сегодня» ещё не истекло) He has bought a new car this year. – Он купил новый автомобиль в этом году («этот год» ещё не истёк)

Образование повествовательных предложений в Present Perfect: Образуются с помощью форм настоящего времени вспомогательного глагола to have (have; has)

Формы настоящего времени глагола to have:

Ihave
wehave
theyhave
youhave
hehas
shehas
ithas

Образование вопросительных предложений в Present Perfect: Образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в формах настоящего времени –have; has.

Порядок слов в специальном вопросе: вопросительное слово + have/ has + подлежащее + сказуемое с окончанием –ed или 3-я форма неправильного глагола.

Примеры: What have you done? – Что вы сделали? Has he brought this book? — Он принёс эту книгу?

Образование отрицательных предложений в Present Perfect: Образование отрицательных предложений происходит с помощью тех же вспомогательных глаголов. После вспомогательного глагола ставится частица not. Примеры: She has not (hasn’t) come yet. – Она ещё не пришла. I have not (haven’t) seen him. – Я не видел его.

Не следует путать Present Perfect с Past Simple. Применяя Past Simple, обычно используют один из указателей этого времени, указывающий на момент, когда событие происходило.Пример: He saw her yesterday. – Он видел её вчера.

Применяя Present Perfect, используют какой-либо из указателей Present Perfect — lately (недавно), и just (только что), already (уже) never (никогда), ever (когда-либо), yet (ещё).

Говоря о действии, которое уже произошло, мы можем не использовать вообще никаких указателей. Если это действие или событие актуально на данный момент, то используется Present Perfect.

Пример: I have bought it. – Я купил это.

Все вышеуказанные видовременные формы приведены здесь в действительном залоге.

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The Present Perfect Tense — Настоящее совершенное время

Содержание:

The Present Perfect Tense (Настоящее совершенное время) выражает действие, завершившееся к моменту речи, неважно когда конкретно, без привязки действия к прошлому.

В момент разговора имеется результат этого действия.

Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени и Participle II (причастия прошедшего времени — третьей формы глагола) смыслового глагола.

Формула: have/has V3

1. Present Perfect выражает действие, завершившееся к данному моменту, т. е. к моменту речи. Этот момент:а) может быть совсем не обозначен:

I have read this book. Я прочитал эту книгу.

б) может быть выражен наречиями неопределенного времени already, lately, ever, never, just, often, recently, yet:

I have never met him. Я никогда не встречал его.

в) может быть выражен наречием времени today, а также сочетаниями типа this week, (year, month):

I have read many books this month. В этом месяце я прочитал много книг.

Present Perfect переводится глаголом совершенного или несовершенного вида в прошедшем времени, часто с добавлением соответствующих наречий.

2. Present Perfect выражает действие, которое началось в прошлом и не закончилось к данному моменту в настоящем. В таких случаях начальный момент обозначается словом since (предлог, союз, наречие):

I have not met him since he returned from St. Petersburg. Я не встречал его, с тех пор как он вернулся из Санкт-Петербурга.

She has not been to Moscow since 2012. Она не была в Москве с 2012 года.

He left for St. Petersburg in May, and I haven’t seen him since.Он уехал в Санкт-Петербург в мае, и я не видел его с тех пор.

3. Present Perfect употребляется в обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях времени и условия после союзов before, after, when, till вместо Future Perfect и переводится глаголом совершенного вида будущего времени:

We shall go to the club when you have finished your work.Мы пойдем в клуб, когда вы, закончите работу.

4. Present Perfect иногда употребляется вместо Present Perfect Continuous и переводится глаголом настоящего времени:

I have worked (have been working) at this plant for 5 years.Я работаю на этом заводе уже 5 лет.

Сравнение Past Simple и Present Perfect

Past SimplePresent Perfect
I did itЯ сделал это I workedЯ работал I listened to musicЯ слушал музыкуI have done it.Я имею сделанным это.Я (уже) сделал это.I have written 2 letters.Я имею написанными два письма.Я (уже) написал два письма.
Действие в прошломДействие, совершенное до настоящего момента, без указания когда именно

Утвердительные предложения в Present Perfect (Affirmative sentences)

Утвердительные предложенияПримеры
Ihaveverb3I have done it
WeWe have done it
YouYou have done it
TheyThey have done it
HehasHe has done it
SheShe has done it
ItIt has done it

Examples — Примеры

I have lived there once.Я жил там однажды.

Не has recently lived there.Он недавно жил там.

Отрицательные предложения в Present Perfect (Negative sentences)

Отрицательные предложенияПримеры
Ihave not(haven’t)verb3I haven’t done it
WeWe haven’t done it
YouYou haven’t done it
TheyThey haven’t done it
Hehas not(hasn’t)He hasn’t done it
SheShe hasn’t done it
ItIt hasn’t done it

Examples — Примеры

We haven’t lived there yet.Мы там еще не жили.

Не hasn’t lived there so far.Он не жил там пока.

She hasn’t written the test yet.Она еще не написала тест.

Вопросительные предложения в Present Perfect (Interrogative sentences)

Вопросительные предложенияПримеры
HaveIverb3Have I done it?
weHave we done it?
youHave you done it?
theyHave they done it?
HasheHas he done it?
sheHas she done it?
itHas it done it?

Examples — Примеры

Has he ever lived there?Он когда-нибудь жил там?

Have you finished your job?Ты закончил свою работу?

Have you passed your driving test?Вы (уже) прошли тест на вождение?

Специальные вопросы (Special Questions)

Предложения, начинающиеся с вопросительных слов (слов, начинающихся с Wh, или слово How).

Where have you been all this time?Где ты был все это время?

Временные указатели (Time Markers)

ever (когда-нибудь) используется в вопросах:

Have you ever been to Russia?Ты когда-нибудь был в России?

never (никогда) используется в отрицаниях:

I have never been to Russia.Я никогда не был в России.

just (только что) используется в утверждениях:

I have just finished the book.Я только что закончил книгу.

yet (уже, еще) используется в вопросах и отрицаниях:

Have you finished the book yet?Ты уже закончил книгу?

I haven’t finished the book yet.Я еще не закончил книгу.

Reintegrate activities

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть фото He this job several times what made him refuse it. Смотреть картинку He this job several times what made him refuse it. Картинка про He this job several times what made him refuse it. Фото He this job several times what made him refuse it

21 The first payment … in the repayment of a large debt such as a mortgage is known as down payment.

Made

22 The knowledge of the people working for a company, which can produce wealth, is known as …

Intellectual capital

23 He accused the government … practicing crony capitalism, enriching a few personal friends of the prime minister at the expense of the population as a whole.

of

24 The business is suffering … cash flow problems.

Severe

25 Many companies producing brands use them as cash cows; giving those up could have a terrible … profitability.

Impact on

26 Consumerism is the new religion, and … are important temples.

Department stores

27 When you … a new market you must identify the appropriate distribution channel for your goods.

Enter

28 … some scientists, globalization worked fine in an erawhen rich countries accounted for the vast majority of the market and other nations didn’t offer much opportunity.

In accordance to

At accordance with

According to

29 The real cost of doing something, … the cost of things that you cannot do because of the choice you have made is called opportunity cost.

Including

30 Industrial economics is the study of how businesses … against each other in production of raw materials, goods and services.

Compete

Concerned with

32 The official sector is losing its appeal as many Russians can earn more money by working in the … economy.

Shadow

33 … are goods such as machinery, equipment etc, used by businesses to produce other goods.

Capital goods

34 … includes the idea that the economy should be organized in ways that can be continued without causing irreversible environmental damage, depletion of natural resources etc.

Sustainability

Subsistence levels

36 Many goods produced in developing countries are cheaper as they only deliver the core product … with no extra add-ons.

Features

Whistleblower

38 You cannot have a proper … if you have to work 12 hours a day.

Work-life balance

39 Millions of … in the European Union have no civic rights and no right to vote.

Guest workers

40 Mr Richardson … to Darlington Council for permission to change agricultural buildings into dwellings.

Applied

1. As winter approaches, the … of geese fly south to warmer climates.

flock

2. The … of fish that had been caught were deemed inedible owing to pollution in the water.

shoal

1 When rich people buy a sports car, they generally do not expect it to be a …, but a luxury item.

Mode of transport

mean of transport

2 A … is a piece of machinery or furniture which is reliable and can be used to do a lot of work.

Workhorse

3. The police took immediate … when they realised the situation was getting out of hand.

Actions

4. Economic … stagnated as the recession took hold.

Activity

5. Cuts in spending will have a serious … on the National Health Service.

Effect

6. They raised taxes on the … that it would help control spending.

Assumption

7. The Suez … was built in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Canal

8. They didn’t raise any … when we insisted on inspecting the figures

Objections

Criticism

10. It was a severe … which needed immediate hospital treatment.

Injury

11. A lot of … was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm.

Damage

12. There’s no … in taking a break from your job now and then.

Harm

13. They received … to attend the sessions as long as they didn’t interrupt.

Permission

14. There is always the … that the government will reverse its decision.

Possibility

15. If we act now, we have a good … of finding a cure for the disease

Chance

Principle

17. The … of the college is an ardent non-smoker.

Principal

18. The … made its way down the avenue.

Procession

Process

20. It’s often a good idea to save some money for a/an ‘ … day’.

Rainy

21. Most people will tolerate a … job if the money is good enough.

Stressful

22. A large number of parents are dissatisfied with the … education system, and put their children into private schools instead.

State

23. Nowadays, … education is promoted a lot in schools.

Health

24. Can you tell the … between a good boss and a bad one?

Difference

alloy

25. The only way you can hope to … the level of your pay is to take on greater responsibility.

Raise

Qualifications

1. Several … stopped to look at the strange bicycle out of curiosity.

Passers-by

Cinemas

3 The … of industrialized nations need to be made aware of global problems.

Youth

4 Life in a city is more interesting for … people because there are more things to do.

Young

5 The … that Spanish is easy to learn is mistaken.

Belief

Before

7 We’d like to know your personal … of the situation.

View

8 It’s one of the most … pieces of architecture in Spain.

Unusual

9 Lennon will be remembered for his songs and for his… sense of humour.

Unique

10 You will find my address at the … of the letter.

Top

11 Please write your name clearly at the … of each page.

Bottom

12 From the window, there was a beautiful… of the lake.

View

Respectable

14 Tourism is the main … of money for these people.

Source

15 He offered to … the old battery with a new one.

Replace

16 As soon as I came in I … your note on the table.

Noticed

17 … to your letter of 6 th September, I am pleased to confirm that the books have arrived.

With reference

18 Over the … 30 years there has been a great deal of industrial development.

Last

19 Water is very … in some parts of the country.

Scarce

1 The annual celebration takes … in Valencia on 19 th March.

Place

Hard

Any

4 … in mind that the roads will be busy, I think that we should make an early start.

Bearing

Engines

Mail

Life

At a low level

9 Recent … in medicine have helped to reduce the rate of infant mortality.

Advances

10 It will not be long before scientists … a cure for this terrible disease.

Discover

11 People tend to become less … as they grow older.

Imaginative

12 A school like Summerhill will not … everybody.

Suit

13 Try and choose a career that … you.

Suits

14 We chose a dark green carpet … our yellow curtains.

To go with

15 If there is a gas leak, the house could … fire.

Catch

16 Whenever there is a strike, they have to go to work ….

On foot

17 You should buy a dictionary that … your needs, not just any one.

Suits

18 The eight o’clock train is usually … office workers.

Full of

19 It does not take more than ten minutes … to reach the underground.

On foot

20 Unemployment and social unrest are basically two … of the same coin.

Sides

1 … smoke and traffic fumes, there are several other types of pollution.

Besides

2 She … all six examinations at the first attempt.

Passed

3 I passed the written paper but … the oral test.

Failed

4 The talk was followed by a film which … at midnight.

Ended

5 Little effort has been … to solve the problem.

Made

6 I thought that the long illness would … my chances of passing the exam.

Affect

7 Most of the damage has been … by acid rain.

Caused

8 I’ve come here to … a Master’s degree in economics.

do

9 I … the radio news.

put my watch with

installed my watch on

Set my watch by

kept my watch by

10 How is Susan … her work?

Getting on with

11 Please … the exam papers on the table.

Lay out

12 He … the passengers one by one.

Seated

13 We … at a desk to write a letter.

Sit

14 Paul is always … the equipment.

Interfering with

15 I … the house from Mr. Jones.

Rent

16 The ship … in the ocean.

Sank

17 Jack was … in a car accident.

Injured

18 Sir Walter Scott and Charles Dickens are both excellent writers, but I prefer the ….

Latter

19 You have a good … for coming.

Reason

20 Is there … for me on the bus?

Room

Advice

Damage

1 Although we are…, we have different interests.

in the same age

The same age

2 Every … creature in the sea is affected by pollution.

Living

Her whole life

all of her leaf

entire of her life

whole of her life

Similarities

5 What happens in the film bears little … to what actually happened.

Resemblance

6 The third paragraph of the essay is not ….

Relevant

7 The city has suffered both natural and … disasters.

Man-made

8 Another function of newspapers is to shape public opinion and in this … the Guardian is very influential indeed.

Respect

9 Mr. Jones has far more experience than the other applicants, and in this … I’d say that he is the strongest candidate.

Respect

10 Modern technology affects all … of our daily life.

Aspects

11 The book concentrates on the cruel … of war.

Aspects

12 When driving, you must give your … attention to what you are doing.

Full

13 The article was about … British people and their reluctance to learn foreign languages.

Typical

14 The … student takes about two hours to complete the test.

Average

15 The bill failed by 17 votes to … the House of Representatives.

Pass

16 I’ve decided to … the job.

Accept

17 The plane will be landing in … 20 minutes.

Approximately

18 Her new job started … enough, on the first of February.

Appropriately

19 We could walk or … we could go in Ted’s car.

Alternatively

20 The crew were … to the passengers’ needs.

Attentive

21 The TV was on but Ann wasn’t … much attention to it.

Paying

22 A person whose attention is fixed on only one thing can be called: ….

Single-minded

23 Molly worked with … determination, letting nothing distract her.

Single-minded

Paperback

25 Professor Usborne gave a … on recent developments in his field.

Paper

1 The meeting has been … until next Thursday.

Postponed

Occupation

Profession

4 I’ll give the … some thought and let you know my decision next week.

Matter

5 They share the same language, but in other respects they are … from each other.

Worlds apart

a lifetime away

6 You’ve got an important interview today. Don’t forget to… a tie.

Put on

Report

8 The book was sent to the press for … in September.

Review

9 I don’t think we’ll make the ….

Deadline

10 These meetings give everyone a … to express their opinions.

Chance

11 Some people consider studying Expressive Arts to be a soft ….

Option

12 Does the idea of working abroad… to you?

Appeal

13 Only ticket-holders will be … into the stadium.

Admitted

14 Wallace’s resignation was… news.

Front page

15 Twenty years ago environmental issues rarely made the….

News

16 When I spoke to him he looked at me in an … way but did not answer.

Absent

17 Someone who is … has one clear aim and works very hard to achieve it.

Single-minded

18 Was it Alexander Bell who … the telephone?

Invented

19 The injured man was … on the road close to the crashed cars.

Lying

20 Could I have a/an … for the things I’ve bought?

Receipt

Industrious

Superstitious

23 Amsterdam is a city full of ….

Canals

24 His work is getting worse and worse. Unless it … he’ll fail his exams in June.

Improves

25 They didn’t have a … of winning against Real Madrid.

Chance

1 He’s always telling me what to do. He’s so….

Bossy

Ambitious

3 He didn’t get a good grade the first time he did his exam, so he decided to … it.

Resit

4 After he left school, he decided to go on to … education and applied for a place at Moscow State University.

Higher

5 He received a local government … to help him pay for his course.

Grant

Skills

7 He has read a lot of books and … a lot of knowledge.

Acquired

8 New students must … for classes before term begins.

Enrol

9 When you are at lecture, it is useful to … the most important points.

Put down

10 Secondary schools offer a wide … of subjects.

Range

11 You will need to … an application form before you can take part in the northern research programme.

Fill in

12 Their target is the people who live in the area around the business. The local … will be the business’s main customers.

Residents

13 We are still trying to make up our minds where to hold the conference. The … for the conference hasn’t been decided yet.

Venue

14 He changed his job because he decided that being a computer programmer wasn’t … for him.

Right

15 I don’t agree with … very young or petty criminals.

Imprisoning

16 If he carries on like that, he’s running the … of a heart attack.

Risk

Prospects

18 I always try to keep a positive … on life.

Outlook

Come up

20 For me, the film didn’t … all the enthusiastic publicity it received.

Live up to

Forecast

22 He was late so often that it was … that he would lose his job eventually.

Inevitable

23 She wore dark glasses to avoid being ….

Recognised

Convey

25 He showed no … of nervousness.

Sign

1 The job involves working closely with the public, so we’re looking for someone with a/an … personality.

Outgoing

Interrupting

Copied

Submit

5 Each student should set themselves clear … at the beginning of each academic year.

Objectives

Fee

7 Small shopkeepers are facing … competition from supermarkets.

Fierce

Transaction

9 If you are rude to customers they are … to come back.

Unlikely

Drew

11 My company has … a new approach to staff meetings.

Adopted

12 You can tell a lot by the way members of a family … with each other.

Interact

13 You can’t always play it safe. Sometimes you need to … a risk.

Take

14 The cost of … has risen dramatically in the last few years.

Living

15 The researchers … many experiments to find the most effective materials.

Conducted

Funding

17 I can already speak three languages, but I’d really like to … to speak French.

learn

17 A supply of something that is more than needed, caused by producing too much of it, is called … in economics.

Glut

18 We had to cover the rest of … ourselves while our teacher was ill.

Syllabus

19 He can’t eat seafood because he’s … to it.

Allergic

20 Everyone should travel. It really … the mind

Broadens

21 Languages … over the time so dictionaries need to be regularly updated.

Evolve

22 These figures … a peak in 2015 when over 2 million new machines were sold.

Reached

23 A large number of houses were … by the storm.

Affected

24 We must try to protect … animals, otherwise when a species disappears the whole ecosystem is in danger.

Endangered

Maintained

1 It is difficult to quantify the … that household waste has on the environment.

Impact

2 Every household should be more careful in the way that they … of waste.

Dispose

3 The government have … to fine anyone who pollutes the river.

Threatened

4 We need to persuade people to change their habits so that they … more energy.

Conserve

5 People who … serious crimes should be imprisoned.

Commit

6 I had to pay a … for parking my car in a restricted area.

Fine

7 I think following celebrities on their holidays is an … of privacy.

Intrusion

8 I was so embarrassed when my teacher made me … my song in front of the whole school.

Perform

9 Nowadays many elderly people struggle to … their everyday living expenses.

Meet

10 I am writing to … for the position of programmer advertised in your newsletter.

Apply

11 In the future we will need to use … energy sources such as solar power.

Renewable

12 It is important to map out your … path.

Career

13 The hotel was located in a very … area of the country with no neighbors for miles.

Remote

14 We live in a … society where shopping is all-important.

Consumer

15 In the Uk, this brand had the advantage of high “ brand…” – that is many people recognized its name.

Awareness

16 One of the challenges of a foreign languages is learning …, for example, that traffic is usually described in English as heavy, and not as strong or big.

Collocations

Jargon

18 We will narrowly escape a/an … between asteroid MN4 and the Earth in 2029 and the chances of further catastrophic incidents are likely to increase during the century

Collision

Balance

20 The restaurant … for people who want inexpensive meals and don’t want to book.

Caters

21 There is a growing … that the traditional model of promotion is unsuitable.

Perception

22 Being a … worker, she is able to do a number of different jobs, often at the same time.

Versatile

23 There are several run-down districts inside the city where the housing is in a bad state, although most of these … are going to be replaced by high-rise apartments.

Slums

24 The council hope to reduce crime in the town by introducing new … facilities so that people have something to do in the evening.

Social

25 If you want to add an extension to your house, you will need … permission from your local council.

Planning

26 … in the inner-city areas can breed crime.

Poverty

1 Camford University Press have just released a collection of Shakespeare’s ….

Works

2 The rock group ‘Glass Weasel’ have released a limited … of their new album which contains a CD-Rom of their latest show.

Edition

Subsidy

Novelists

5 His last book received excellent … in the newspapers.

Reviews

Stolen

Upbringing

8 People who live at home with their two children are a typical example of a modern … family

Nuclear

9 She has five … who rely on her to look after them.

Dependants

10 His barrister also said he was … and asked the court to acquit him.

Innocent

11 Most doctors recommend a/an … lifestyle, with plenty of exercise.

Energetic

12 He received a local government … to help him pay for his course.

Grant

13 Because so many students find exams stressful, some colleges offer a system of … assessment instead.

Continuous

14 There were scenes of … at the airport when the snowstorm stopped all the flights.

Confusion

14 The heritage industry brings large numbers of foreign tourists to the country’s … and historic towns.

Sights

15 She banged the table for … as she spoke.

Emphasis

16 The price of commercial … has almost doubled in the last four years.

Property

Mortgage

18 The … complained to the council that the house they were living in was overrun with vermin.

Tenants

19 Everybody is being asked to make a … to help the victims of the disaster.

Donation

20 After the election, the huge … danced in the street.

Crowd

21 The school is closed because the … are on strike

Staff

22 Half the … of the film were nominated for Oscars.

Cast

23 Cabin … on aircraft are drilled in safety procedure.

Crew

24 The immigrant arrived clutching nothing but a … of personal possessions.

Bundle

25 The women fell on the surprised burglar like a … of wild dogs.

Pack

Risen

20 The new Finance Minister says he wants to reduce … in business by abolishing price controls in several sectors.

Тема 13. Формы глаголов в английском языке

15. The electronic computer these calculations.

1) just performed

2) had just performed

3) were just performing

Has just performed

16. The controller the disk drive at the present time.

Is running

17. The first electronic computer 30 tons.

Weighed

18. They several attempts recently to do this hard job.

Have made

19. They usually their European meeting in Paris.

Hold

20. She in Rome at the moment.

Is working

21. I good money for this work very soon.

Will get

29. Businessmen always the market for a product.

1) are investigating

2) had investigated

Investigate

30. The Government a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system next year.

Will take

31. She her complaint now.

Is settling

32. The electronic computer these calculations.

1) just performed

2) had just performed

3) were just performing

Has just performed

33. The controller the disk drive at the present time.

Is running

34. The first electronic computer 30 tons.

Weighed

35. They several attempts recently to do this hard job.

3)are making
4)have made
36.They usually their European meeting in Paris.
1)are holding
2)hold
3)holds
4)have held
37.She in Rome at the moment.
1)works
2)worked
3)is working
4)has worked
38.I good money for this work very soon.
1)got
2)will get
3)get
4)have got
39.I since lunchtime.
1)haven’t eaten
2)didn’t eat
3)don’t eat
4)am not eating
40.How long your present job?
1)did you do
2)you are doing
3)have you been doing
4)you have been doing
41.The police some people about the crime by that time.
1)had questioned
2)have questioned
3)questioned
4)question
42.She a formal complaint yesterday.
1)has submitted
2)submits

3) was submitting

Submitted

43. The customers to take more interest in their suppliers now.

Are starting

44. Last year they their best to make management at your work place more effective.

Did

45. The director just _ a presentation of a new product to his colleagues.

2) has given

46. Businessmen always the market for a product.

1) are investigating

2) had investigated

Investigate

47. The Government a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system next year.

Will take

48. She her complaint now.

Is settling

49. The electronic computer these calculations.

1)just performed
2)had just performed
3)were just performing
4)has just performed
50.The controller the disk drive at the present time.
1)run
2)has run
3)is running
4)runs

Ответы к теме 13. Формы глаголов в английском языке

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