Please describe in a few sentences how you intend to use earth engine
Please describe in a few sentences how you intend to use earth engine
A Quick Introduction to Google Earth Engine
A small glimpse of the wealth of satellite and climate data in the Cloud.
Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a platform for cloud-based geospatial applications with tons of data from satellites, including the ones from the famous Landsat program to several climate datasets. The best thing is that the platform is available to anyone with enough interest and a relatively decent internet connection, making environmental processing easy to use and available to those who need it the most.
There are several ways to use GEE and each one has its advantages and disadvantages. While the Javascript-based Code Editor is probably the most used tool and the Explorer is perfect for a casual look, here you’ll put your hands on the Python API. In the meanwhile, feel free to explore the available datasets and many successful case studies.
Signing Up
Basically, any person with a Google account can sign up to use GEE and the installation of the necessary packages is quite straightforward. After signing up, you can install the Earth Engine Python API with pip :
After that, you need to set up your authentication credentials on your computer. The entire (not so long) process is described in detail in the manual and you’re encouraged to test the installation as described in the end. After these quick steps, you’re ready to go with an immense collection of datasets ready to be explored.
Importing the packages
To import all the packages:
When you use the API, the first thing you need to do is to initialize the connection to the server:
Select a region in the world
With satellite imagery you can investigate any spot on Earth, even remote places where you could never set foot on (or at least you shouldn’t). In this tutorial, you’ll explore the recent conditions in the Ituna/Itatá Indigenous Land in the Brazilian state of Pará. This protected land is home to a few isolated indigenous tribes and is one of the places in the Amazon where mining, logging and ranching are absolutely illegal practices. Unfortunately, according to the Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE) this place also became the most affected of all during last year by the advance of the agricultural border in Brazil, menacing the lives of the tribes who live there and the biodiversity within.
The Landsat 8 Collection
Landsat 8 is the most recent addition to the long-running Landsat Program and it’s been in orbit since 2013, continuously estimating the land-surface conditions around the globe. Applications of Landsat imagery are widely known and well-established in the fields of agronomy, environmental conservation and changes related to land-use.
There are several technical details about Landsat 8, but the basics you should know is that it collects multispectral spatial information in a medium resolution, with bands a range of 15 to 100 meters resolutions in 11 different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. It also has a revisit time of 16 days, which means you have a new image of a particular place every 16 days cycle.
Each collection has its own id and you can find them in the GEE catalog. Above, the EE snippet id for the Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Tier 1 product is «LANDSAT/LC08/C01/T1_SR» as described in the catalog.
This will get you the entire collection of imagery of the entire world, so you’ll have to tailor it out according to both your area and time of interests. For the area, you’ll set up a rectangle around the Ituna/Itatá Land using latitude/longitude information with ee.Geometry.Rectangle :
Another detail is that you might not be interested in the entire time span of the collection, but in a particular period. For the Ituna/Itatá Land, you’ll select a brief period of time during the dry season in the region in 2019. Why the dry season? Clouds are a major problem for satellite imagery analysis and in the Amazon, this problem is severely increased, so selecting months without intense rainfall and cloud cover is a nice strategy. Also, these are the months where deforestation goes rampant and the (human-induced) fire season starts.
A bit of meta-data
It’s possible to be more selective and filter out the information you don’t want. Assuming you just need to know how many images from Landsat you got from the period of time selected above, simply do:
Another example is to show how each band from Landsat 8 is named — something useful for the next steps:
Choosing an Image
It’s possible to be more selective and set up the collection according to a particular criterion. In this tutorial, you’ll select the least cloudy image from the landsat_AOI collection according to its ‘CLOUD_COVER’ id.
Conveniently so, satellite imagery with 0% of ‘CLOUD_COVER’ in the Amazon is something hard to see. This one is perfect, but when it was taken?
Visualizing the Satellite Imagery
A common practice when doing an analysis with satellite imagery is to combine different bands. Since each band represents a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, combining them allows different views of the same surface due to the spectral signature of types of vegetation, water, soil and things like that. The easiest one is the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) composite and when using Landsat 8 imagery, you’ll need to use Bands 4 (Red), 3 (Green) and 2 (Blue).
For the purpose of the tutorial, the simple RGB composite does justice to investigate the advance of illegal logging and other practices in a land where this is not supposed to happen. In the image above, everything that is not in a strong green tone is against the law. This happened in mid-August of 2019, but as February of our current year of 2020 the situation is, unfortunately, much worse.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
There are more quantitative ways to investigate the land-use changes and deforestation. Perhaps the best-known method is the use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), widely present in several land management, agriculture and conservation studies.
After this, you’ll certainly wish to visualize it on a pretty map. While you already know the native way, geehydro allows you to plot an interactive map with Folium just like the Code Editor does with Map.AddLayer() :
The use of geehydro allows an even greater degree of reproducibility between the Javascript and Python API, building a large bridge between often two separate kinds of people. If you don’t know a word about Javascript, now you can understand the code in the several GEE tutorials available around the internet.
Final words
GEE is an excellent tool to learn how to use satellite imagery for good and the possibilities are huge. Land-use changes studies, sustainable farming and monitoring of sensitive areas like the Ituna/Itatá are available for anyone with a good internet connection and enough interest to go for it. The flexible Python API and the usefulness of geehydro can be combined to quickly set up the platform to use. With it, tons of different datasets and a wealth of information ready to be discovered. What a time to be alive.
The interactive Jupyter Notebook for this tutorial is freely available in my Climate Data Science repository.
Projections
Earth Engine is designed so that you rarely have to worry about map projections when doing computations. As with scale, the projection in which computations take place is determined on a «pull» basis. Specifically, inputs are requested in the output projection. The output may be determined from a function parameter (e.g. crs ), the Map in the Code Editor (which has a maps mercator (EPSG:3857) projection), or with a reproject() call. When you display images in the Code Editor, inputs are requested in maps mercator. Consider the following simple operation on a MODIS image, which has a sinusoidal projection:
Code Editor (JavaScript)
The order of operations for this code sample is diagrammed in Figure 1. Note that the projection of the input is determined by the output, specifically the maps mercator projection of the map display in the Code Editor. This projection propagates back through the sequence of operations such that the inputs are requested in maps mercator, at a scale determined by the zoom level of the map.
Figure 1. Flow chart of operations corresponding to the display of a MODIS image in the Code Editor map. Projections (left side of flow chart) of each operation are determined from the output. Curved lines indicate the flow of information to the reprojection: specifically, the output projection and scale.
In Earth Engine, projections are specified by a Coordinate Reference System (CRS or the crs parameter of many methods). You can check the projection of an image by calling projection() on it:
Code Editor (JavaScript)
The default projection
Unless you need your computation to occur in a specific projection, there is generally no need to specify a projection. Only for output that’s ambiguous will Earth Engine require you to specify a projection and/or scale. Ambiguity can result from reducing an ImageCollection containing images with different projections (i.e. creating a composite). An image which is a composite or mosaic of input images with different projections will have the default projection, which is WGS84 with 1-degree scale. For example:
Code Editor (JavaScript)
If you try to use an image like this in a computation, you may see an error like:
Generally, an aggregation at 1-degree scale is not desired or intended, so Earth Engine gives this friendly reminder to provide a complete specification for the output.
Users often find this behavior confusing and worry about the «lost» projection information, but the pixels aren’t actually computed until they’re needed (learn more), and at that point, there’s always an output projection that accompanies the request that specified how to compute the composite.
In the vast majority of use cases, having no projection is not a problem and is actually a valuable optimization, as it allows previewing the results at any zoom level without having to wait for the full resolution computation to complete. But it does mean that the output can appear different at different zoom levels.
If the optimized display image somehow isn’t sufficient, computation in a specific projection can be forced by reprojecting the output as described in the following section.
Reprojecting
You can force operations to be performed in a specific projection with the reproject() method. Using reproject() results in the inputs being requested in the projection specified in the reproject() call. Computations in your code before the reproject() call will be done in the specified projection. For example, to force a composite to be produced in a specific projection:
A few cases that require a fixed projection include:
There are several reasons you should avoid using reproject() unless you absolutely need to. Suppose, for example, you reproject something and add it to the map. If the scale you specified in the reproject() call is much smaller than the zoom level of the map, Earth Engine will request all the inputs at very small scale, over a very wide spatial extent. This can result in much too much data being requested at once and lead to an error.
If the eventual output is in a different projection from that specified in the reproject() call, that will result in another reprojection. This is another reason to be cautious about using reproject() in your code. Consider the following example, which forces the MODIS image to first be reprojected to WGS84, then reprojected to maps mercator for display in the Code Editor map:
Code Editor (JavaScript)
Figure 2 diagrams the flow of operations corresponding to this simple reprojection example. Note that the first reprojection is explicit, as specified in the reproject() call. The second reprojection is implicit, performed by Earth Engine automatically in order to display the result on the map. Also observe that the information about what projection to use propagates back from the request to the input.
Figure 2. Flow chart of operations corresponding to the reprojection of a MODIS image in the Code Editor map. Curved lines indicate the flow of information to the reprojections: specifically, the output projection and scale.
Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.
10 easy ways you can tell for yourself that the Earth is not flat
The evidence is right in front of you.
By Moriel Schottlender | Published Jan 26, 2016 11:20 PM
This story was originally published on Smarter Than That in 2008. We are republishing a lightly edited version on Popular Science in light of recent interest in the subject.
Humanity has known Earth is round for a few millenia, and I’ve been meaning to show more methods that prove the world is not flat. I’ve had a few ideas on how to do that, but recently got an interesting incentive, when Phil Plait, The Bad Astronomer, wrote about a recently published BBC article about “The Flat Earth” society. (Most recently, rapper B.o.B. went on a Twitter rant on the topic.) Phil claims it’s ridiculous to even bother rebutting the Flat Earth Society—and I tend to agree. But the history of our species’ intellectual pursuit is important and interesting. You don’t need to denounce all science and knowledge and believe in a kooky conspiracy theory to enjoy some historical factoids about humanity’s quest for space.
Earth from the ISS
The curvature of the Earth is visible in this 2014 photo, which ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti snapped from the International Space Station.
On we go, to the top 10 ways to know the Earth is unequivocally, absolutely, positively, 100% not flat!
1. The Moon
Now that humanity knows quite positively that the Moon is not a piece of cheese or a playful god, the phenomena that accompany it (from its monthly cycles to lunar eclipses) are well-explained. It was quite a mystery to the ancient Greeks, though, and in their quest for knowledge, they came up with a few insightful observations that helped humanity figure out the shape of our planet.
Aristotle (who made quite a lot of observations about the spherical nature of the Earth) noticed that during lunar eclipses (when the Earth’s orbit places it directly between the Sun and the Moon, creating a shadow in the process), the shadow on the Moon’s surface is round. This shadow is the planet’s, and it’s a great clue about the spherical shape of the Earth.
A sequential view of the lunar eclipse that occurred on April 15, 2014. You can see Earth’s shadow crossing the face of the Moon, and the shadow’s shape is curved because Earth is spherical.
Since the earth is rotating (see the “Foucault Pendulum” experiment for a definite proof, if you are doubtful), the consistent oval-shadow it produces in each and every lunar eclipse proves that the earth is not only round but spherical—absolutely, utterly, beyond a shadow of a doubt not flat.
2. Ships and the horizon
If you’ve been next to a port lately, or just strolled down a beach and stared off vacantly into the horizon, you might have noticed a very interesting phenomenon: Approaching ships do not just “appear” out of the horizon (like they should have if the world was flat), but rather seem to emerge from beneath the sea.
But—you say—ships do not submerge and rise up again as they approach our view (except in Pirates of the Caribbean, but we are hereby assuming that was a fictitious movie series). The reason ships appear as if they “emerge from the waves” is because the world is not flat: It’s round.
Ant on an orange
What you would see if you watched an ant crawling toward you over a curved surface.
Imagine an ant walking along the surface of an orange, into your field of view. If you look at the orange “head on”, you will see the ant’s body slowly rising up from the “horizon” because of the curvature of the orange. If you would do that experiment with the ant approaching along a long road rather than a round object, the effect would change: The ant would slowly “materialize” into view (depending on how sharp your vision is).
3. Varying star constellations
This observation was originally made by Aristotle (384-322 BCE), who declared the Earth was round judging from the different constellations one sees while moving away from the equator.
On a round planet
Stargazing on a round Earth
After returning from a trip to Egypt, Aristotle noted, “There are stars seen in Egypt and…Cyprus which are not seen in the northerly regions.” This phenomenon can only be explained if humans were viewing the stars from a round surface, Aristotle continued, claiming that the sphere of the Earth is “of no great size, for otherwise the effect of so slight a change of place would not be quickly apparent.” (De caelo, 298a2-10)
The farther you go from the equator, the farther the “known” constellations go towards the horizon, to be replaced by different stars. This would not have happened if the world was flat:
On a flat plane
Stargazing on a flat Earth
4. Shadows and sticks
If you stick a stick in the (sticky) ground, it will produce a shadow. The shadow moves as time passes (which is the principle for ancient Shadow Clocks). If the world had been flat, then two sticks in different locations would produce the same shadow:
Stick shadows on a flat Earth
Imagine the Sun’s rays (represented by yellow lines) hitting two sticks (white lines) some distance apart. If the Earth were flat, the resulting shadows would be the same length, no matter how far apart you place the sticks.
But they don’t. This is because the Earth is round, and not flat:
Stick shadows on a round Earth
Because the Earth is round, sticks placed at distant locations will throw shadows of different lengths.
Eratosthenes (276-194 BCE) used this principle to calculate the circumference of the Earth quite accurately. To see this demonstrated, refer to my experiment video about Eratosthenes and the circumference of the Earth.
5. Seeing farther from higher
Standing on a flat plateau, you look ahead toward the horizon. You strain your eyes, then take out your favorite binoculars and stare through them, as far as your eyes (with the help of the binocular lenses) can see.
Next, climb up the closest tree—the higher the better, just be careful not to drop those binoculars and break their lenses. Then look again, strain your eyes, and stare through the binoculars out to the horizon.
The higher up you climb, the farther you will see. Usually, we tend to relate this to Earthly obstacles—like the fact we have houses or other trees obstructing our vision on the ground, and climbing upwards we have a clear view—but that’s not the true reason. Even if you stood on a completely clear plateau with no obstacles between you and the horizon, you would see much farther from the greater height than you would on the ground.
This phenomenon is caused by the curvature of the Earth as well, and would not happen if the Earth was flat:
Point of view on a flat Earth
How far can you see from a height? On a flat Earth, elevation doesn’t make a difference.
Point of view on a round Earth
How far can you see from a height? On a round Earth, elevation makes a big difference.
6. Ride a plane
If you’ve ever taken a trip out of the country, specifically long-distance trips, you could notice two interesting facts about planes and the Earth:
7. Look at other planets
The Earth is different from other planets, that much is true. After all, we have life, and we haven’t found any other planets with life (yet). However, there are certain characteristics all planets have, and it will be quite logical to assume that if all planets behave a certain way, or show certain characteristics—specifically if those planets are in different places or were created under different circumstances—our planet is the same.
In other words: If so many planets that were created in different locations and under different circumstances show the same property, it’s likely that our own planet has the same property as well. All of our observations show that other planets are spherical (and since we know how they’re created, it’s also obvious why they take this shape). Unless we have a very good reason to think otherwise (which we don’t), our planet is very likely the same.
In 1610, Galileo Galilei observed the moons of Jupiter rotating around it. He described them as small planets orbiting a larger planet—a description (and observation) that was very difficult for the church to accept, as it challenged a geocentric model where everything was supposed to revolve around the Earth. This observation also showed that the planets (Jupiter, Neptune, and later Venus was observed too) are all spherical, and all orbit the sun.
A flat planet (ours or any other planet) would be such an incredible observation that it would pretty much go against everything we know about how planets form and behave. It would not only change everything we know about planet formation, but also about star formation (our sun would have to behave quite differently to accommodate the flat-earth theory) and what we know of speeds and movements in space (like planets’ orbits and the effects of gravity). In short, we don’t just suspect that our planet is spherical. We know it.
8. The existence of time zones
The time in New York, at the moment these words are written, is 12:00pm. The sun is in the middle of the sky (though it’s hard to see with the current cloud coverage). In Beijing, it’s 12:00am, midnight, and the sun is nowhere to be found. In Adelaide, Australia, it is 1:30am. More than 13 hours ahead. There, the sunset is long gone—so much so, that the sun will soon rise up again at the beginning of a new day.
We have time zones because when the Sun is illuminating one side of the spherical Earth, the other side is dark.
This can only be explained if the world is round, and rotating around its own axis. At a certain point when the sun is shining on one part of the Earth, the opposite side is dark, and vice versa. That allows for time differences and time zones, specifically ones that are larger than 12 hours.
Another point concerning timezones, the sun, and Earth: If the sun was a “spotlight” (very directionally located so that light only shines on a specific location) and the world was flat, we would see the sun even if it didn’t shine on top of us (as you can see in the drawing below). Similarly, you can see the light coming out of a spotlight on a stage in the theater, even though you—the crowd—are sitting in the dark. The only way to create two distinctly separate time zones, where there is complete darkness in one while there’s light in the other, is if the world is spherical.
The “sun as spotlight” theory
The visibility of a spotlight in a darkened theater should debunk the “sun as spotlight” theory.
9. The pull of gravity
Here’s an interesting fact about mass: It attracts things to it. The force of attraction (gravity) between two objects depends on their mass and the distance between them. Simply said, gravity will pull toward the center of mass of the objects. To find the center of mass, you have to examine the object.
A sphere’s center of mass
On a sphere’s surface, gravity will pull you toward the sphere’s center of mass: straight down.
Consider a sphere. Since a sphere has a consistent shape, no matter where on it you stand, you have exactly the same amount of sphere under you. (Imagine an ant walking around on a crystal ball. From the insect’s point of view, the only indication of movement would be the fact the ant is moving its feet—the shape of the surface would not change at all.) A sphere’s center of mass is in the center of the sphere, which means gravity will pull anything on the surface of the sphere straight down toward the center of the sphere. This will occur no matter where on the surface the object is located.
Consider a flat plane. The center of mass of a flat plane is in its center, so the force of gravity will pull anything on the surface toward the middle of the plane. That means that if you stand on the edge of the plane, gravity will be pulling you sideways toward the plane’s middle, not straight down like you usually experience when you stand on Earth.
A plane’s center of mass
A plane’s center of mass is in its middle—which means that gravity should pull objects toward the center of the plane.
I am quite positive that, even for Australians, an apple falls downwards, not sideways. But if you have your doubts, I urge you to try dropping something—just make sure it’s nothing that can break or hurt you.
For further reading about the center of mass and distribution of mass, check out this link. And if you are brave enough to handle some equations (not involving integration), you can learn more about Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation here.
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10. Images from space
In the past 60 years of space exploration, we’ve launched satellites, probes, and people into space. Some of them got back, some of them still float through the solar system (and almost beyond it), and many transmit amazing images to our receivers on Earth. In all of these photos, the Earth is (wait for it) spherical. The curvature of the Earth is also visible in the many, many, many, many photos snapped by astronauts aboard the International Space Station. You can see a recent example from ISS Commander Scott Kelly‘s Instagram right here:
You know what they say—a picture is worth a thousand diss tracks.
Moriel Schottlender is a software engineer at Wikimedia Foundation. This article was originally posted on her Smarter Than That blog in 2008.
FLAT EARTH SCIENCE AND THE BIBLE
Top Ten Undeniable Proofs the Earth is Flat
1) The horizon always appears completely flat 360 degrees to the observer, regardless of how high you go up. Any curvature you think you see is from curved airplane windows or Go Pro cameras and fisheye lenses (which NASA loves to use). The reality is that the horizon never curves because we are on an endless plane. On a globe with 25,000 miles in circumference you would see a noticeable disappearance of objects the further they are as they would be leaning away from you and dropping below the constantly curving horizon!
Completely flat horizon from the stratosphere
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2) The horizon always rises to meet your eye level never no matter how high in altitude you go. Even at 20 miles up the horizon rises to meet the observer/camera. This is only physically possible if the earth is a huge “endless” flat plane.
If Earth were a globe, no matter how large, as you ascended the horizon would stay fixed and the observer/camera would have to tilt downward, looking down further and further to see it.
3) The natural physics of water is to find and maintain its level. If Earth were a giant spinning sphere tilting and hurling through space then truly flat, consistently level surfaces would not exist here. There would be a massive bulge of water in the oceans because of the curvature of the earth. If earth was curved and spinning the oceans of water would be flowing down to level and covering land. Some rivers would be impossibly flowing uphill. There would massive water chaos and flooding! What we would see and experience would be vastly different! But since Earth is in fact an extended flat plane, this fundamental physical property of fluids finding and remaining level is consistent with experience and common sense. The water remains flat because the earth is flat!
4) If Earth were a ball 25,000 miles in circumference as NASA and modern astronomy claim, spherical trigonometry dictates the surface of all standing water must curve downward an easily measurable 8 inches per mile multiplied by the square of the distance. This means along a 6 mile channel of standing water, the Earth would dip 6 feet on either end from the central peak. Every time such experiments have been conducted, however, standing water has proven to be perfectly level.
Bedford Level Experiment: Proof of no curvature
http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S162-163.htm
The formula for a spherical earth: is this what we see? Where’s the curve? 
5) The sun is much closer than we have been told. It is, in fact, in our atmosphere. You can clearly see that it is not 93 million miles away. Many times you can see the sun’s rays shooting out of a cloud forming a triangle. If you follow the rays to their source it will always lead to a place above the clouds. If the sun was truly millions of miles away, all the rays would come in at a straight angle. Also the sun can be seen directly above clouds in some balloon photos, creating a hot spot on the clouds below it and in other photos you can clearly see the clouds dispersing directly underneath the close small sun.
Time lapse of the sun proves the flat earth:
Crepuscular Rays Prove Flat Earth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_ppPXChyTo
6) If we were living on a spinning globe airplane’s would constantly have to dip their noses down every few minutes to compensate for the curvature of the earth (with a circumference of 25,000 miles the earth would be constantly curving at the speed of an airplane). In reality however, they never do this! They learn how to fly based on a level flat plane. Also if the earth was spinning the airplane’s going west would get to their destination much faster since the earth is spinning in the opposite direction. If the atmosphere is spinning with the earth then airplanes flying west would have to fly faster than the earth’s spin to reach its destination. In reality, the earth is flat and airplanes just fly level and reach their destination easily because the earth is not moving.
Planes Could Not Land if Earth was Moving or Spinning: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_fxcFr1CrI
7) The experiment known as “Airy’s Failure” proved that the stars move relative to a stationary Earth and not the other way around. By first filling a telescope with water to slow down the speed of light inside, then calculating the tilt necessary to get the starlight directly down the tube, Airy failed to prove the heliocentric theory since the starlight was already coming in the correct angle with no change necessary, and instead proved the geocentric model correct.
Airy’s Failure explained:
8) The Michelson-Morley and Sagnac experiments attempted to measure the change in speed of light due to Earth’s assumed motion through space. After measuring in every possible different direction in various locations they failed to detect any significant change whatsoever, again proving the stationary geocentric model.
Michelson-Morley Experiment:
9) If “gravity” is really a force strong enough to hold the world’s oceans, buildings, people and atmosphere stuck to the surface of a spinning ball, then it is impossible for “gravity” to also simultaneously be weak enough to allow little birds, bugs, and planes to take-off and travel freely unabated in any direction. If “gravity” is strong enough to curve the massive expanse of oceans around a globular Earth, it would be impossible for fish and other creatures to swim through such forcefully held water.
Everything on our flat earth is naturally arranged by density and mass. 
10) Ship captains in navigating great distances at sea never need to factor the supposed curvature of the Earth into their calculations. Both Plane Sailing and Great Circle Sailing, the most popular navigation methods, use plane, not spherical trigonometry, making all mathematical calculations on the assumption that the Earth is perfectly flat. If the Earth were in fact a sphere, such an errant assumption would lead to constant glaring inaccuracies. Plane Sailing has worked perfectly fine in both theory and practice for thousands of years, however, and plane trigonometry has time and again proven more accurate than spherical trigonometry in determining distances across the oceans. If the Earth were truly a globe, then every line of latitude south of the equator would have to measure a gradually smaller and smaller circumference the farther South travelled. If, however, the Earth is an extended plane, then every line of latitude south of the equator should measure a gradually larger and larger circumference the farther South travelled. The fact that many captains navigating south of the equator assuming the globular theory have found themselves drastically out of reckoning, more so the farther South travelled, testifies to the fact that the Earth is not a ball.
The South Pole does not exist; Antarctica truth
True world: Flat Earth
Flat Geocentric Earth
Flat earth tides and the electromagnetism of the sun and moon https://youtu.be/_pauQitNEM0
How the four seasons work:
Flat earth perspective explained:
200 Proofs Earth is Not a Spinning Ball.
Author Eric Dubay.
200 Proofs Earth is not a spinning ball video book by Eric Dubay.
Eric Dubay YouTube Channel
The Biggest Lie of All
The Biggest Lie of All – Part 2
The Flat Earth Masonic Matrix Manipulators
TIMELAPSE OF THE SUN PROVES FLAT EARTH – HD
The Zionists, Freemasons, and NASA’s Biggest Secret
Debunking the Spinning Ball Earth
Gravity Does Not Exist! by Eric Dubay
Relativity Does Not Exist!
The Masonic Sun-Worshipping Globalist Cult of NASA
The NASA Moon and Mars Landing Hoaxes
The Flat Moon Over the Flat
Stars are Not Suns!
Flat Earth Star Trails Explained
True World | Flat Earth Documentary
My Perspective Youtube Channel
TETs TRUTH TUBE Youtube Channel
Flat Earth and the Real Stars
Flat Earth: Frequency of the Heavens
Flat Water Youtube Channel
121,000 feet Little Piggy Cam High Altitude Balloon Flight
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152 thoughts on “Top Ten Undeniable Proofs the Earth is Flat”
Great list! But please explain the following phenomena of which I am a first-hand witness via personal experience:
1. During a Lunar Eclipse, I have personally observed what looks like the shadow of a round object traversing across the visible surface of the moon. The round object casting the shadow is clearly larger diameter than the moon based on the curvature radius of the leading and trailing edges of the shadow.
2. The phases of the moon are geometrically explained by the moon being a sphere that’s illuminated from a light source with a relative 28 day rotation of 360° from my viewing angle on Earth.
3. With binoculars I have personally observed the phases of Venus similar to phases of the moon, but on a different time scale. Based on its phases, Venus appears to be spherical.
4. With binoculars I have personally observed Jupiter and maybe four of its moons.
5. The Sun appears to be round, which is what it would look like if it is a sphere.
Question: The moon is spherical. The Sun is spherical. Venus is spherical. Jupiter is spherical. Most of the other planets have been observed and photographed by amateur astronomers. All of them appear round and most exhibit periodic phases similar to the spherical moon.
But the Earth is Flat?
The assertion that airplanes would fly into space if the Earth is spherical is nonsense. I am a pilot. Years ago when I was actively flying, I would climb to a cruising altitude and then maintain that altitude for “level” flight based on the altimeter instrument in the airplane. The altimeter is actually a barometer with a calibrated dial readout. What I am doing is controlling the airplane to track an isobar or constant air pressure which is caused by the weight of the air column above me as I fly. To fly off into space, I would have to point the aircraft nose up and the air would get thinner and lighter, and my altimeter would show higher and higher altitude. There is nothing in the airplane to indicate if I am flying in a straight line (flat Earth) or a curved line (spherical earth). Your airplane argument is completely irrelevant. Just stop embarrassing yourself with that nonsense.
I won’t take time to rebut your other observations. Some of them are easier to rebut than others, but all of your arguments are ultimately flawed, either because they are logical fallacies, presume facts not in evidence, or the alleged physical evidence in support is erroneous. Example: I agree that NASA dispenses BS to the public. Some NASA photographs are fake. The moon landings are probably fake. Fake photos do not prove the Earth is flat. Fake photos only prove that NASA is a fraud, which it most certainly indeed is.
Nearly everything observable in the sky is fully explained by a spherical Earth orbiting the Sun with the other planets. If you really believe the Earth is flat, you probably also believe that the Earth was formed in 6,000 years and that Jesus is about to descend from the sky and save you from this enduring maxim:
Ignorance is the anesthesia that dulls the pain of stupidity.
Come on back down to earth for a minute and put your obvious intellect to work on the two more intimate aspects of the globe model: curve and spin. That Glober’s are still touting a 500 year old experiment with sticks in sand and the resulting shadows as a proof of sphere shape is odd in light of the technology we have available to us. Also, you began your post sounding like an open minded seeker and finished as a mocker. Which is it?
I acknowledge that the last line of my post above is brutal. I would apologize for verbally clubbing you in the head with a baseball bat, but I understand that you are fully self-anesthetized by cognitive dissonance and confirmation bias. My bat will bounce off your head without you feeling a thing.
The human psyche is amazing. We are each one equipped to believe virtually ANYTHING we want to believe simply because we WANT to believe it for whatever reasons happen to appeal to us. Once we decide what we WANT to believe, our perception filters kick in and without even trying, we automatically and uncritically cherry pick any and every shred of info that supports our chosen belief, while simultaneously and automatically filtering out and rejecting all evidence to the contrary.
Flat Earth is a shining example of this phenomenon. Thanks for sharing!
Here is one of the STUPIDEST things any human can say to itself: “Well, if THAT were true, then I would already know about it.”
I can see that you are in that difficult early stage of reckoning with this, going back and forth between clinging to the old and dancing with the new. I still have to pinch myself and go back through the many things I know in my heart to be true every now and then to stay firm, and so you should know that all the people who have woken up to this have been right where you are and few came to this without considering for quite some time the evidence for flat and against globe.
I do understand that human perception is very subjective and we tend to decide what we believe and then select for it in our perceptual choices. And, of course that works in both directions, with the globe getting quite a head start regarding our conditioning.
Over the past 4-5 years, I did a fairly comprehensive romp through all the typical conspiracy stuff: JFK, 9-11, UFO, Illuminati, Pyramids, ancient civilizations, etc so I already knew that there was much truth being occulted from us. I was not willing to bite on the NASA hoax for the longest time though I had heard rumblings. Eric Dubay’s 200 Proofs came across my you tube feed and I gave it a listen and it all made complete sense, though I still had to spend an hour or 2 every day for months digging and looking and thinking.
The cornerstones for me are the 1) NASA fraud. Any 1-2 hour video on that can convince an open mind, and then there is this…
2) Absence of curvature. High altitude balloons show flat horizon with horizon always rising to meet the eye. All kinds of shots have been taken across water from 30-100 miles and there is no appreciable drop, not to mention the fact that water simply does not curve. Sea level it is and any notion of a hump, whether in feet or miles is absurd. A guy in NC did a 1 hour video called a Mountain of Evidence. Look that up.
3) Spin.
Here I found that simply thinking through the implications of a 1000 mph spin (and all the other motions in other directions that the globe model throws at us), was enough to call BS. You said yourself that the difference between spinning and stationary and curved and flat are huge. Everything points to flat and stationary. The dynamic aspects of curve and spin should be seen EVERYWHERE and yet cannot be seen, measured or felt.
I’ll throw in a 4) Antarctica and all the southern hemisphere anomalies. Research Byrd, Antarctic treaty, long southern hemi flights on ball versus flat earth.
In closing I say it is no easy task to hold an opinion which is so contrary to what we have been taught and one that virtually everyone thinks is crazy. And then what do you do with it? It is an elegant and thoughtful system though, and we are all still trying to figure out how it works. It also points to something sinister in the very fabric of the world we thought we understood, and so if you come to some conviction around this you may expect to feel for some time or forever that you are standing up in a canoe…
Thank you sincerely for taking time for such a rich and thoughtful reply. I truly appreciate the time and effort you invested in alleviating my ignorance.
I, like you, am already on board for most of the mass deceptions you enumerated. Virtually all mainstream information is deception and propaganda. I wonder where you are w/r/t the Secret Space Program, ET contact and alien propulsion and energy technologies since the 50’s, humans on Mars for decades, structures and bases on the far side of the moon, multi-dimensional reality, etc.?
Thanks for the suggestions for my further flat earth study. You are obviously an educated, intelligent observer, so I feel obliged to listen to your counsel.
Not to posit this as a rebuttal to anything, but curves and bends in the time-space continuum can seriously warp perceptions of straight and curved. Supposedly we can see stars behind the sun because the light path is not linear. You probably know about the famous solar eclipse experiment way back when. What I am saying is that flat can appear curved, and curved can appear flat. Where is Reality? Is there an absolute measuring stick or clock we can trust, or are virtually all perceptions relative to the time-space frame of reference of the observer? Or is the concept of time-space part of the public brainwash fraud?
I can’t answer that question yet, or maybe never. Is “I can’t believe my eyes!” a maxim we must embrace before making ultimate conclusions?
Again, I don’t know. Right now, I need to get some work done (contract engineering project as my ‘failed retirement’ continues). John, I will take your counsel to heart and check out the content to which you pointed me. Thank you again, John. I look forward to busting yet another paradigm.
PS-Somewhat on topic re BrainWashDay Miracles: I was born a 5th generation Mormon on both sides and was fully engulfed by a Mind Control Cult until I was 30 years old. I left that Colossal Fraud behind in 1980, only to later discover multiple layers of more and more brainwash as my explorations evolve. I am sure there is more to yet discover.
Gary, the Mormon thing is interesting. You’ve spent a lifetime disentangling from limiting narratives. The whole “we make our own reality” thing you allude to is a rabbit hole below the rabbit hole in a way. I was into the Secret Space Program when FE came along and have not gone back. Partly because a space filled with round inhabitable earth-like spheres was no longer an option. I now suspect that other life forms either operate interdimensionally or perhaps beyond the ice wall other civilizations are having a go of some other sort of life. I live in Nashville TN and not sure there is even 1 other person wondering about these kinds of things. Circle back when you can.
Hello, John and Flat Earthers,
I got time to dive deeper. Here are my findings:
On a 3D-CAD tool, I personally constructed a 3D model of what the horizon of a sphere looks like from 10 miles high, or 52,800 feet. That covers all airline flight plans. Anyway, at that altitude, the ocean horizon is 398 miles distant with a curvature that looks like a yardstick on a table, with the yardstick propped up at its center over a pencil and the ends of the stick pushed down to the table … approximately. Very subtle curvature, but eye-detectable at higher altitudes. Lower airplane flights would show proportionately less curvature. One would need a cloudless view of the ocean horizon to see this subtle curvature, especially through a small airplane window with limited angle of view.
From anywhere near ground level, its impossible to detect the horizon curvature because you can’t see far enough. The Earth looks flat if you are only inspecting the horizon. That is one of the (geometrically, mathematically uninformed) Flat Earth errors … to think you should see curvature on the horizon from anywhere near ground level.
Some simple proofs that anyone can do are shown on some of the videos linked below. One I recall is viewing the Toronto skyline from across Lake Erie … 30 miles away. The bottom of the tall tower is clearly occluded by the curvature of the surface of the lake. It’s compelling and irrefutable.
There is a thermal inversion effect where it is indeed possible to see a distant skyline from across the water. This happens on rare occasions viewing the Chicago skyline from a hundred miles away on Lake Michigan. This is called a mirage.
End of story. Case closed. Period.
Use science to debunk I am interested in your thesis
Gary, If you fly with an ancient plane and if you do not control the altimeter and let the plane fly upwards, surely the length of your plane ride will go up into space but now all the aircraft equipment is computerized, the altimeter also automatically adjust the height with the air pressure, don’t you
Razi, you misunderstand the physics of how an altimeter operates, in addition to misunderstanding how airplanes fly. The “ancient” altimeter automatically adjusts for air pressure because it is actually a mechanical aneroid barometer with an altimeter readout instead of mm of mercury on the dial. For an accurate altimeter reading, the pilot has to tweak the dial depending on the current air pressure reported by airports enroute.
The F.E. notion that if the Earth were spherical, then airplanes would fly into space is beyond silly. A correct statement is that IF airplanes fly in a straight line on a spherical Earth, they would fly into space. That would only apply to a rocket powered airplane capable of flying in a straight line. Normal airplanes that depend on air for lift will eventually hit “service ceiling” when they run out of both engine power and air density to fly any higher. At that point, the airplane will continue flying at a fixed altitude above the Earth. The trajectory would be a curve closely matching the curvature of the earth.
Flat Earth is a religion with entrenched dogma. No argument is convincing enough when the believer is entrenched and closed off to evidence, logic and reason. Some evidence and arguments are intrinsically nonconclusive one way or the other, while others are irrefutable when scrutinized impartially by a rational observer.
When all else fails, you can always shoot the messenger or transmogrify the data … or both.
Gyro! Maintains rigidity in space. A plane traveling across a flat plane as indicated.
Why do you only see one side of these so called round planets and stars and not the backside of the moon, planets etc.. We would see the backside of the moon at least once.
If they were actually spinning.
We can see all sides of all planets and moon EXCEPT our moon. We only see one side of our moon because it orbits around us at the same rate as it orbits around its axis
First want to say great article! many great points and detailed images and really enjoy the layout and perspectives you present, very informative and will help to shed light in this matter for the masses!
Now In response to Gary below, of course you are in denial and are defending your programming, you clearly stated that you are or were an aircraft pilot. If this is true then not much further needs to be said as that would imply you went through the criteria and training that involves the indoctrination. Most pilots are quick to defend their programmed perspective because admitting to being deceived for a millenia would be humiliating in itself, but also out of the fear of questioning further. I know many pilots who know that the Earth is flat and refuse to speak out also in fear of losing their high-income jobs, but also many do not know, and stay blinded by their ignorance. We all know that aircrafts do not take “curvature” of the Earth into account in their calculations, most air-based systems are gyroscopic and mechanical in nature. Even engineers tunneling underground do not take the curvature into consideration in their measurements.
As for the Moon and planets, The moon’s light is actually colder than the shade if you measure at night, and we know this implies that the moon gives off its own light and is not reflecting the sun. Also if the moon and planets were spherical, why don’t we see other sides? We only EVER see the one same side, and its at a different angle depending on where you stand on the Earth. Image the face of the Moon taped to your living room ceiling, and look at it from the 4 corners of the Earth. Same goes for planets and stars, you only see 1 face, and they also appear to give off their own light.
Thank you for sharing your thoughts on my post.
Please note my comment that “level” airplane flight does not prove or disprove anything regarding the flatness of the earth. Flying along a path of constant barometric pressure as indicated by the altimeter would look and feel the same for both flat and spherical earths. The curvature is too subtle to be noticed by a pilot in a small airplane.
Today my friend on the phone reported that he was able to see the curvature of the earth from atop the World Trade Center before it was leveled by the controlled demolition on 9-11. That is hearsay evidence as I did not see it myself. I do not know if his report is reasonable or not, but that is what he said he saw. Feel free to dismiss that as anecdotal and unverified.
If the moon emits its own light, please explain a lunar eclipse and the phases of the moon … both of which are simply explained by orbiting spheres illuminated by a central sun.
There is a wobble of the moon where the extreme edges appear and disappear from earth-view during the wobble. I have not witnessed this personally, but here is a link explaining that phenomenon. Take a look at the time-lapse movie of the moon’s phases also showing its very obvious wobble aka slight back and forth rotation. Please explain how you do not see a sphere wobbling in this movie. This is represented as a sequence of actual photographs of the moon.
Humans are famous for bludgeoning the available data to fit their predetermined conclusions. Voters decide who they like and who they hate and display extreme competence at distorting the same sets of data to support opposite conclusions. Same goes for flat vs round earth.
Ain’t we humans entertaining as hell, Sargon?
Gary wrote:”Today my friend on the phone reported that he was able to see the curvature of the earth from atop the World Trade Center before it was leveled by the controlled demolition on 9-11. That is hearsay evidence as I did not see it myself. I do not know if his report is reasonable or not, but that is what he said he saw. Feel free to dismiss that as anecdotal and unverified.”
Gary wrote: “On a 3D-CAD tool, I personally constructed a 3D model of what the horizon of a sphere looks like from 10 miles high, or 52,800 feet. That covers all airline flight plans. Anyway, at that altitude, the ocean horizon is 398 miles distant with a curvature that looks like a yardstick on a table, with the yardstick propped up at its center over a pencil and the ends of the stick pushed down to the table … approximately. Very subtle curvature, but eye-detectable at higher altitudes. ”
We will dismiss the WTC anecdote based on your own research.
Frankly, an intellectually honest person would not even write the anecdote.
this way tooo….. you should research. i MEAN it.first of all have you heard the principle of communicating vessels? The Michelson–Morley experiment explained why there is no such thing as a luminiferous aether and einstein later understood that this happened because light speed is a constant and have you questioned why every other celestial bodies out there are spherical (you can see by yourself using a simple telescope)? Thats because every massive object would collapse on its own gravity if it wasnt spherical (have you heard einstein?).And last if you want to question the power of gravity for EACH OBJECT(because i guess you know that gravity acts different on every object) use the Newtonian formula W=m*g to estimate that force (again that acts on EACH OBJECT OF A DIFFERENT MASS DIFFERENTLY).oh and BTW birds fly because they take advantage of the atmospheric pressure.A greek saying says that:the imperfect knowledge is worse than ignorance
I like how you think gravity does not apply to air planes and that they can just casually fly away from earth. How do people like you even know how to breath?
The sun blows and the moon sucks. The moon is a thermal dynamic vent that is basically “yin yanging” the sun. God calibrated the moon phases to bleed off light and heat energy to keep the earth at a pre determined seasonal variance. The light from the moon is the residual effect of absorption. Thats why the moon’s light is cold. Hey don’t laugh, it’s just a theory. Once you go flat, you never go back…!
If the Earth is flat, then how come you can’t see Beijing, China from New York, USA?
Because I don’t have my glasses
Hi Wang, let us assume for a moment that the earth is a round flat plane…you still would not be able to see Beijing from New York due to many atmospheric related factors.
because of dust, steam, clouds, smoke, vapor, and, hey, how far can your personal shitty eyes see? after all these years?
From the perspective that earth is flat you also think gravity is in one direction on every location; down. But if the earth is sphere then gravity works toward the center of the planet. Then down is different on different locations. This could mean if a plane moves forward it doesnt need to be corrected, then moving forward means moves along the curve. This might be also be how birds move. It seems on the moon/mars/sun gravity is different but wouldnt it make sense the same rules seem to apply but on different scale? I wonder if gravity of earth lied but we are correct for other planets?
I have so many questions: if I would go to the outside of the earth, climb over the icehill (northpole?) Can I jump off the earth? Is that possible? What happens? Can you also walk/climb under the earth? Because it thats true That sounds like a great journey.
Another question, how do satellites move and how did they managed to move them like this?
Humans are such small creatures trying to find out abouts things as huge as the solar system and other planets. Humans do not have the capability yet of finding out about planets and stars. In the future with advanced technology there may be an answer however, we humans cannot discover things about space when we havent yet discovered the Earth. People are recently making claims of new discoveries and apparently water 650miles into the ground. We have only discovered 5% of the oceans and most likely not all of the land on Earth. We humans need to succeed on the basics if we want to move on.
Why do you think that there is a global conspiracy against the flat earth theory?
So what’s the tin foil rebuttal to the Lake Michigan city lights mirage, a product of the curvature of the Earth?
I’m always up for a good paradigm shift… and this is a whopper. I’d like to ask about the International Space Station. Is it actually going 17,000 mph above us, with astronauts on board? Can we ask them whether the earth is curved or round?
curved or flat, sorry, it’s late 🙂
Sure ask the astronauts, and what do you think they will say? Did you ever see a picture of a satellite from the ISS circling the globe? There are many pics of the supposedly satellites but how many have you seen from the many ISS photos where they are seen in orbit? Satellites are not sone 3ft by 3ft objects. Is the ISS really 17000 miles up in the Van Allen Belt? Really 17000 miles up in the most radioactive part of our orbit in Earth? Nasa has said themselves they have to figure out a way to get past the belt before they can go any farther and our moon is past the belt. Yet we have a Space station engulfed in radioactive area of the belt where astronauts are living day to day and doing spacewalks in this environment with a vacuum of space. Really?!
The altitude of the ISS is 249 miles and it is moving at 17,000 mph.
HERES AN ARGUEMENT! EXPLAIN ECHOLOCATION SHOT INTO THE EARTH AND REACHING THE OTHER SIDE! AND HOW SCIENTISTS DETECT EARTHQUAKES. EARTH IS ROUND MY FRIEND. I CAN KEEP PROVING IT.
Next someone will be telling me there really is a God.
wOW. 11!! noW I no the eaRTH ReallY iS FLat THAnK U 4 THe HALP
You insult everybody that tried to educate you when you write like that.
A few things to examine.
Purchase and read a factual book published in 1922
( Kings Dethroned ) by Gerrard Hickson
”A history of the evolution of astronomy from the time of the roman empire up to the present day, showing it to be an amazing series of blunders founded upon an error made in the second century BC ”
P.S
One further thing to examine.
What is the flaw?
I do not mean to spam this page as it is a great resource, but only to share a website I put together also for the purpose of being resources for Christians seeking information on the Flat Earth. http://www.veritasmc.org/flatearth.html. It takes the whole flat earth reality and extrapolates it to it’s Biblical logical conclusion.
I will review the material found here and see if I can’t add it as a link to my page.
Cognitive dissonance an play any number of tricks. Thing is,the resurgence of Flat Earth is not for everybody, it is an awakening from centuries of misinformation and conditioning. The empirical evidence of a flat earth is there in abundance, however is only a partial understanding of where we live and why it has been obfuscated and by whom for so long.
Those who deny the Bible are missing out on the most important part of this dynamic, and it has nothing to do with big box hallelujah stores commonly known as churches and organized religion. It simply fills in so many of the gaps as to place those discarding it to be willingly ignorant by refusing to look at it’s content on the subject. The Bible is a flat earth book from cover to cover. The non canonical book of Enoch perfectly explains the movement of the luminaries and the changing of the seasons by an ever moving sun circling in slower wide circles during the colder months and a quicker smaller circling during the warmer months.
Who is behind the heliocentric lie? Most will say that it is the Masons, and for the most visible part that is true, but it goes deeper than that. Pythagoras and Copernicus were both Freemasons but the later was also a Jesuit trained astrologer, and heliocentrism would not have gotten a grip were it not for the Catholic Church pushing it, for it was but a theory based upon no observable or verifiable facts, such as that we now have today.
http://www.veritasmc.org/flatearth.html
lot of question will appear if the earth was flat, the most question will ask is “why they hide the fact if earth was flat”
Personally, I find this all fascinating. For well over 20 years, I have used a “follow the money” philosophy regarding any and all conspiracy theories. I believe that humanity has largely been deluded by the “Powers that Be”.
The FE theory is beyond interesting. While not completely convinced, it certainly would not surprise me – we have been deceived so many times. If nothing else, the comments show that many clear-thinking individuals are taking the time to consider that our deeply embedded “Earth view” may be “planer” than we think.
1) The horizon is the point at which the Earth’s curve prevents you from seeing further. The horizon is a circle and circles are flat as we all know so the horizon is going to be flat despite the Earth being curved.
2) You are really underestimating the size of the Earth. The Earth is so massive no matter where you are, the horizon will stay in one spot. Additionally, the existence of the horizon at all (as previously stated) is because of the Earth’s curvature blocking your view. If the Earth was flat, you could see a lot further until everything is just too small too see.
3) The water is in fact curving. It is just such a gradual curve, so it is impossible to see.
4) That is just based off of a 6-mile area, an area that small could easily be flat.
5) Light bounces around in the atmosphere which means that in that the light can make a cone like that with the sun still being as far away as it is. Also, the sun only appears to be right above a cloud, it is an optical illusion and is not actually that close. We would burn to death if so.
6) Gravity compensates for the planes so they do not have to dip down all the time. Also, the atmosphere is spinning with the Earth, but in relation to the planes it is stationary so whether they go west or east it remains the same (some knowledge about physics helps in understanding that).
7) That could be because of the atmosphere moving the light and because of how the star is moving in addition to the Earth causing the light to be moving.
8) To be honest light is too complicated to for me. I would need to get into quantum mechanics which I don’t understand fully but I think I have a simple explanation. The Earth’s movement doesn’t affect the light traveling as everything on Earth is moving the same speed in space (plus or minus the Earth’s rotation depending on exactly where you are).
9) Everything has the same force applied to it in gravity. However, some things are more massive which means there is more matter in that thing that gravity is being applied to. Since bugs, birds, etc. are less massive, they have less force applied to them and since buildings are more massive, they have more force applied to them. Also, all animals have evolved to be able to withstand the pressure that gravity causes (although since this is a religious site, i’m sure you reject evolution).
10) These methods of getting around work due to them generally being used over small distances and due to the Earth’s curve being very gradual so it is virtually flat in a small area.
Here are some links (whether you want to believe them or now):
http://www.popsci.com/10-ways-you-can-prove-earth-is-round
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/7-diy-experiments-b-o-b-the-earth-is-round/
http://nerdist.com/8-reasons-we-know-the-earth-isnt-flat/
I sincerely hoped this made someone reconsider their belief of a flat Earth. If just one person is able to see the evidence and see the Earth is round, then this hour of my time has been worth it. However, if there is really not a single person I have convinced, I have lost my faith in humanity.
Sincerely,
Connor Atkins – 10th Grade
Рабочая тетрадь Spotlight 7. Workbook. Страница 47
8а. Save the Earth — Спасти Землю
1. Match the words in A to the words in В and use them to complete the sentences. — Сопоставьте слова в колонке А со словами в колонке В и используйте их, чтобы закончить предложения.
2. Complete the sentences with the present perfect continuous. — Дополните предложения глаголами в форме настоящего совершенного длительного времени.
3. Complete the sentences by choosing a, b or c. — Дополни предложения вариантами под а, b или c.
Under the clear blue sea, there are beautiful underwater cities that are rich in life. They have been around for millions of years and they are communities of ocean creatures that live together in coral reefs.
Coral looks like rock, but it is actually a huge collection of tiny clear animals called coral polyps. The bright colour of coral comes from tiny sea plants called algae. Coral and algae depend on each other to live.
Coral may feel tough but it’s very sensitive. Today, many coral reefs are dying and there are many reasons why. First of all, the oceans are getting warmer. This kills the algae and so the coral reefs lose their colour and food. Water pollution, fishing with dynamite as well as the careless collection of coral also hurt coral reefs.
If we don’t take action, all the reefs will die in around 20 years. This will lead thousands of sea creatures to extinction. We can help save the world’s coral reefs by joining an environmental organization like Reef Relief. It’s worth a try!
В глубине чистого синего моря есть прекрасные подводные города, кишащие жизнью. Они появились миллионы лет назад и представляют собой общину обитателей океана, которые живут вместе на коралловых рифах.
Коралл выглядят как скала, но не самом деле это огромное сборище миниатюрных животных, называемых коралловыми полипами. Яркий цвет коралла проявляется благодаря миниатюрным морским растениям, называемых водорослями. Жизни коралла и водорослей зависят друг от друга.
Коралл кажется очень выносливым, но на самом деле он очень чувствительный. Сегодня, многие коралловые рифы умирают по ряду причин. Во-первых, в океанах становится теплее. Это убивает водоросли, а коралловые рифы теряют свой цвет и пищу. Загрязнение воды, ловля рыбы при помощи динамита и неаккуратный сбор коралла также вредит коралловому рифу.
Если мы ничего не предпримем, все рифы умрут примерно через 20 лет. Это приведет к вымиранию тысяч морских обитателей. Мы можем помочь сохранить коралловые рифы по всему миру, присоединяясь к природоохранной организации Риф Релиф. Стоит попробовать!