Think about how often you drink

Переводы текстов Spotlight 11 класс Модуль 3-Citizenship ACROSS THE CURRICULUM

1 Прочитайте статью 1 Всеобщей Декларации прав человека ниже, а затем обсудите вопросы (1-2) в малых группах.
1 Что такое права человека? Для кого они? Почему они важны?

2 Что такое декларация прав человека?
Посмотреть ответ

2 а Прочитайте заголовки. Что вы ожидаете прочитать в каждом абзаце в тексте? Прочитайте еще раз и сопоставьте заголовки (A-E). Один заголовок вы не должны использовать.
А Права на все!
B принятие декларации
С защита свободы
D нарушение прав
E Человеческая история права
Посмотреть ответ

b Прослушайте и прочитайте текст еще раз. Объясните слова жирным шрифтом.
Посмотреть ответ

3 Портфолио: Работайте в группах. Узнайте больше о благотворительных фондах или организациях, которые защищают права человека, например, ЮНИСЕФ, ООН, Международная амнистия и представьте ее классу. Вы могли бы выяснить: где их офисы, что они делают, что они защищают, как вы можете принять участие и т.д.

мире, по борьбе за права человека. Вероятно, самой известной из них является Amnesty International.
Вот некоторые упрощенные примеры из некоторых статей Декларации прав человека
Вы имеете право:
На принадлежность к стране
принимать участие в политике
ходить в школу
жить в условиях свободы и безопасности
иметь личную жизнь
иметь мнение, высказывать его другим людям
равенство перед законом
исповедовать свою религию
никто не имеет права:
относиться к вам как к рабу
наказывать вас или сажать в тюрьму без уважительной причины
брать ваши вещи у вас без уважительных причин
мучить вас
лишать вас прав
Посмотреть ответ

3 Portfolio: Work in groups. Find out about a charity or organisation that protects human rights e.g. UNICEF, UN, Amnesty international and precent it to the class. You could find out: where its offices are, what it does, who it protects, how you can get involved etc.
It’s my right

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Think about how often you drink

Before you start.

• What do you do to relieve stress?
• Would you volunteer for a charity? Why?

Look at Module 3

• a proverb
• a poem
• a biography
• a quiz

Listen, read and talk about.

• crime & the law
• rights & responsibilities
• Great Expectations by Charles Dickens
• Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• How to be a Green citizen

• express regret
• express outrage & disgust

• an opinion essay
• a short text about a famous monument
• a presentation about a charity organisation

Sail to Liberty and Ellis Islands in New York City’s harbour and see the world’s most symbolic monument to freedom and the 1). (history) gateway to America!

Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty

«Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses1 yearning2 to breathe free. I lift my lamp beside the golden door.»
(Emma Lazarus, American poet, 1883)

1 refers to the ordinary people in society zwanting very much
2 wanting very much

1 What is the monument in the picture? Where is it? What else do you know about it?

2 Read the extract from the poem symbolising the message of the statue. What do you think the message is? Read the text and check.

3 RNE Complete the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets. Explain the words in bold.

4 Listen and read the text again. Imagine you are a tour guide. Use the text to give your guided tour to these two monuments.

> As we get off the boat here at Ellis Island, imagine how the first immigrants felt as they.

5 Portfolio: Write a short text about a famous monument in your country. Include:

• what/where the monument is
• what it means/represents
• what a visitor can see/do there

Citizenshi ACROSS THE CURRICULUM

1 Read article 1 of the Universal 1 Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) below, then discuss the questions (1-2) in small groups.

1 What are human rights? Who are they for? Why are they important?

2 What is The Declaration of Human Rights?

2 a RNE Read the headings. What do you expect to read in each paragraph in the text? Read again and match the heading (A-E). There is one heading that you do not need to use.

A Rights for all!
B Adopting the declaration
C Protecting freedom
D Rights violations
E Human rights history

b Listen and read the text again. Explain the words in boid.

3 Portfolio: Work in groups. Find out about a charity or organisation that protects human rights e.g. UNICEF, UN, Amnesty international and precent it to the class. You could find out: where its offices are, what it does, who it protects, how you can get involved etc.

2> Human rights weren’t invented recently! Discussion of them dates back to the earliest civilisations. It wasn’t until after the cruelties and injustices that took place during the Second World War, however, that it was decided that protection of human rights should be an international concern.

3> On December 10th, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in New York. It has thirty articles and protects the right to life, work, housing, free thought and many other things. Since 1948, nearly every country in the world has signed one or more agreements designed to protect the rights in the UDHR.

4> Unfortunately, just because the UDHR exists, it does not mean that human rights are never violated! In some countries, for example, children work in unsafe conditions or are denied the right to go to school. In others, people are in prison because of their political views. For this reason, there are many charities and organisations in the world that fight for human rights. Probably the most well known of these is Amnesty International.

Here are some simplified examples of some of the articles ii the Declaration of Human Rights.

1 have the right to

You have the right to:

• belong to a country
• take part in politics
• go to school
• live in freedom and safety
• have a private lite
• have opinions, speak them&share them with other people
• to be treated equally by the law
• follow the religion you want to

Nobody hes the right to:

• treat you as his or her slave

• punish you or put you in
prison without a good reason

• take your things from you
without a good reason

• take away your rights

1 What is a ‘green citizen’? Read the introduction to find out.

> SI: A green citizen conserves as much water as they can, for example by always turning off the tap when. etc.

2 Are you a green citizen? Do the quiz, then mark each sentence A (=always/very often), B (=sometimes/occasionally) or C (=never/ hardly ever). Explain the words in bold.

We are all citizens of Planet Earth and rely on it for food, air, water and much more, so not only is it our responsibility to care for the environment, it’s also in our best interests! So, how much effort are you making to reduce your impact on the environment? Are you a bright green citizen or more of an embarrassing shade of red?

1 I try to conserve water e.g. by taking short showers, not letting taps run, keeping water in the fridge instead of letting the tap run to let it get cold, etc.
2 I walk, ride my bike, rollerblade, carpool1 or use public transport whenever I can.
3 I ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’ as much as I can!
4 I try to learn about nature by visiting wildlife reserves and/or national parks.
5 I put coffee grounds/fruit and vegetable peels etc on a compost heap.
6 I take part in local environmental projects e.g. litter collection/tree-planting/recycling projects etc.
7 I buy unprocessed, organic and locally-grown food.
8 I check that the products I buy, e.g. cleaning products, electrical equipment, are safe for the environment.
9 I turn off computers/lights/electronic equipment when I’m not using them.
10 I buy from environmentally responsible businesses.
11 I use rechargeable instead of disposable batteries.
12 I refuse plastic bags in the supermarket and use my own cloth bags instead.
13 We use energy-saving light bulbs at home instead of ordinary ones.
14 I buy products in bulk with as little packaging as possible.
15 I am generally interested in environmental issues and try to stay informed.

1 sharing the use of one car

Mostly Cs
Come on, you can do better than that! Set yourself a few achievable targets. It’s never too late to get started!

3 Compare your results with your partner. What can you do to become ‘greener’? Discuss in pairs.

4 Think! Do you agree with the statement? Why/Why not?

Read the text, then choose A, B, C or D for each question (1-7).

Caught in the’Act

Even if you’re looking carefully, you might miss it; it’s only a stray strand of hair, after all. But to me, as a forensic scientist, this is what I live for; this is the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. This microscopic human trace might be the one vital piece of evidence that leads to the arrest and imprisonment of the criminal, the one who, without realising it, left his calling card behind at the scene of the crime. One single strand of hair contains all the criminal’s DNA and, once matched, can lead all the way back to his door.

Perhaps the most famous forensic scientist of all was Sherlock Holmes. His methods of investigation, popularised in numerous books, films and television series, included close observation, rigorous examination of evidence and logical deduction. This is where I got my inspiration from. Reading the stories and watching the films fascinated me when I was younger and they still do today. I took all available science courses at school and then moved on to criminology at university. After graduating at the top of my class, it was then a small step to the police and I’m now head of the forensic investigation department.

In many ways the job hasn’t changed all that much from the fog-filled streets of Holmes’ London. The most useful tool for any scientist is still a keen mind, a good eye that connects the apparently unconnected and a skilful reading of the evidence. A crime scene is not that different to a story. It is a narrative with a beginning, in which the criminal enters the house; a middle, when the crime is committed; and a climax, as the criminal leaves the crime scene. My job is to make sure that the ultimate end is the capture of the villain.

Of course, there is a new style of fictionalised forensics on television nowadays that uses the most cutting-edge technology available and suddenly the job is the focus of a huge amount of attention with relevant university courses filling up faster than ever before. But don’t be fooled by what you see on television. The job is vastly different from the one seemingly done by the heroes of a weekly TV show. First of all, the forensic scientist isn’t the first one at the scene of the crime; we’re usually there much later. Also, forensics can be a time- consuming and lengthy procedure. TV takes one hour to solve the crime; we can take weeks, months, even years. DNA analysis takes a long time, no matter how technologically advanced we are. But having said all that, the basic methods we use are the same as our TV counterparts.

Take fingerprinting, for example. A person’s fingerprint is unique; the lines and shapes that pattern the fingertips are individual and belong to no-one else. The grease that comes off our skin at all times of the day leaves a patterned mark on everything we touch. We can make a copy of that mark and, hopefully, match it to the recorded fingerprints of known criminals. This is common knowledge and even the most simple-minded crook knows enough to wear a pair of gloves or wipe down everything he touches. But what about the traces that can’t be seen, the traces that can’t be wiped down?

At every second of every day your body is shedding microscopic pieces of skin; household dust is mostly made up of your dead cells. You are constantly renewing hairs, old ones fall and new ones grow back; the clothes you wear leave behind the smallest signs of where you’ve been and what you’ve been doing. This is called DNA fingerprinting and when gathered together, all of these things serve to build up a picture that is more conclusive than any eye-witness statement. Evidence doesn’t lie when it faces a jury. Facts don’t forget or get confused. Science states the case. And that is inescapable.

1 In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that
A he is well-paid for the work he does.
B criminals are often forgetful.
C he follows criminals to their homes.
D criminals help in solving the crime.

2 What changes have occurred recently?
A There is more crime nowadays.
B His job is getting more difficult.
C More criminals are being caught.
D He has more work than ever before.

3 Why did the writer become a forensic scientist?
A Because he was good at science.
B Because of his enthusiasm for books.
C Because of a childhood role model.
D Because he wanted to be a policeman.

4 The writer compares a crime scene to a story to
A explain how events are connected.
B describe how he finds evidence.
C make him feel more like a hero.
D show how to commit a crime.

5 Watching crime shows on television, viewers get the idea that
A doing the job will make them famous.
B solving a crime takes very little time.
C the forensic scientist heads the investigation.
D forensic science is a popular university course.

6 What does not the writer say about fingerprinting?
A Most people understand the technique.
B Unwashed hands are easier to fingerprint.
C Criminals try to avoid leaving fingerprints.
D No two sets of fingerprints are the same.

7 What does the writer believe about forensic science?
A It relies too much on the ageing process.
B It is a reliable method of solving crime.
C It often disagrees with personal accounts.
D It is not used enough in criminal investigations.

RNE Use of English

Fill in the gaps with the correct word derived from the words in bold.

«Welcome to the Kremlin, the seat of Russia’s 1). (rule) for centuries and currently the 2). (office) residence of the president of Russia! This ‘city within a city’ contains golden-domed churches and cathedrals, four palaces, museums, 3). (resident), offices and monuments. Visit Cathedral Square, the 4). (history) heart of the Kremlin and home to the Cathedral of the Assumption, where all the Tsars were crowned. Along the Kremlin’s eastern wall lies Moscow’s famous Red Square.

Don’t miss St Basil’s Cathedral at the 5). (south) end of the square, famous for its brightly 6). (colour) domes. This stunning cathedral was built between 1534 and 1561 at the command of Ivan the Terrible. As the story goes, Ivan was so overcome by its beauty that he blinded its 7). (architecture) so that he would never be able to create another 8). (build) as magnificent for anyone else! Our tour continues. «

Listen to the speakers 1-5. Which of the comments below might each speaker say? There is one comment you don’t need to use.

A I think all teenagers should do chores.
B I have more responsibilities because I’m older.
C Chores take up a lot of my free time.
D I find cleaning relaxing.
E I’m too busy to help out much.
F I don’t mind doing outside chores.

You and your friend want to do something special to relax and celebrate the end of your exams. Discuss the following options and choose the one you both like most of all.

• a day at the beach
• a trip to a theme park
• a party for all your friends
• a DVD evening with a few close friends

You begin the conversation and have to decide on which option (only one) to choose. Your partner will play the part of your friend. Remember to:

• discuss all options • take an active part in the conversation and be polite • come up with ideas
• give good reasons • find out your friend’s attitudes and take them into account • invite your friend to come up with suggestions • come to an agreement

RNE Writing

Read the extract from your pen friend Tanya’s letter. Write a letter to Tanya. In your letter:

• tell her about the kinds of household chores you have to do;
• ask three questions about the tree-planting day.

1 Fill in: fee, scam, identify, suspect, grabbed, contacted, witness, seized, glared, disposable.

2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

3 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two fine words.

5 She doesn’t usually overreact like that, unusual It is very. like that.

4 Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct particle.

5 Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

6 Match to form exchanges.

|1 | | That’s totally disgraceful! a Yes, I do. I
|2 | | I’m so sorry. I didn’t feel really
mean it. bad about it.

|3 | | My grandma was mugged. b That’s
shocking!
|4 | | Am I really that bad?
c I agree!

|5 | | You don’t need to d That’s alright.
apologise.

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Present Simple или Present Continuous?

Задание 1. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму – Present Simple или Present Continuous.

Задание 2. Внимательно прочитайте предложения и решите, в каком необходимо употребление Present Simple, а в каком – Present Continuous.

Задание 3. Составьте предложения с глаголами-исключениями. Помните о разных случаях их употребления.

Задание 4. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.

Задание 5. Составьте отрицательные предложения, используя правильное время – Present Simple или Present Continuous.

Ответы с пояснениями

Задание 1.

Речь идет о явлении, которое считается истиной. В таких случаях используется Present Simple.

At the moment (в данный момент) указывает на то, что действие совершается в момент речи. В таких случаях используется Present Continuous.

Вопрос о регулярном действии, которое происходит постоянно. В таком случае используется Present Simple.

В предложении описана ситуация, которая является постоянной. В таком случае употребляется Present Simple.

Действие происходит в момент речи (все ждут), поэтому употребляется Present Continuous.

Задание 2.

Действие происходит в момент речи.

Это утверждение является истиной.

Действие совершается в момент речи.

Usually (обычно) указывает на употребление Present Simple.

Речь идет о постоянном действии. В данном предложении необходимо употребить Present Simple.

b) are always working

Описание временной ситуации в настоящем времени.

Описание постоянного действия.

В данном предложении глагол to think подразумевает не «верить», а «иметь на уме». В таком случае, он может употребляться в Present Continuous, в то время как в своем прямом значении он не употребляется во временах группы Continuous.

Когда глагол to think подразумевает «верить», «полагать» он не употребляется в Present Continuous.

Задание 3.

Глаголы чувственного восприятия не употребляются в Present Continuous.

Глагол to see употреблен в значении «встречаться», в таком случае он может употребляться в Present Continuous.

Глагол to have употреблен в значении «проводить время», в таком случае он может употребляться в Present Continuous.

Глагол to have в значении «обладать» употребляется только в Present Simple.

Глаголы умственного восприятия не употребляются в Present Continuous.

Задание 4.

Задание 5.

At the moment (в данный момент) указывает на то, что действие происходит в момент речи. В таком случае употребляется Present Continuous.

Это утверждение является истиной. В таком случае употребляется Present Simple.

Речь идет о постоянном действии, свойственном лицу, выраженному подлежащим. В таком случае употребляется Present Simple.

Речь идет о временном действии, которое не обязательно происходит в момент речи.

Речь идет о регулярном действии в настоящем времени.

How often should you drink water? Not how much

We all know how much water we should be drinking. However, I have a close friend that only drinks 1.5 litres of water once a day. Keep in mind that they do consume other liquids with food. Nevertheless, this seems completely unhealthy and backwards to me.

If someone drinks their only water source once a day, I imagine the body will metabolise or otherwise use all the water nutrients right away and dispose of the rest. I do not have any evidence to back up my claims, but this seems like a gross misinterpretation of health guidelines and their body will be wanting water later in the day.

Anybody seen any articles that set quotas on drinking frequency?

3 Answers 3

Referring to published research, there is no known quota on drinking frequency since fluid intake from beverages and food in time period takes care of the total hydration status of an individual in a day. Daily consumption below the range of adequate intake of water may not produce harmful effects to the body because hydration is received from intake of beverages and foods other than the normal water intake.

Research into hydration reveals humans must maintain water balance in order to stay healthy. Humans receive hydration i.e. water from daily food and water intake, and generally lose water in the form of sweat, urine and exhalation. Drinking water is beneficial in those with a water deficit particularly due to dehydration which can be caused by other factors such as diarrhea, vomiting, burns etc.

The recommendations on adequate intake of water which includes total water intake (water from beverages and food) is found here.

Think about how often you drink

Его главные признаки:

1.Действие обычное, постоянное, регулярное, повторяющееся

C глаголами в the Present Indefinite часто употребляются наречия, которые являются временными маркерами:

as a rule – как правило

every day/evening/morning – каждый день / вечер / утро

in the morning(s) – по утрам

twice a week – дважды в неделю

3 times a month – три раза в неделю

on Saturdays – по субботам

at week-ends, on one’s free days – по выходным

nowadays – в настоящее время, в наши дни

quite often – довольно часто

rather seldom – довольно редко

very often – очень часто

very seldom – очень редко

every Sanday – каждое воскресенье

in spring – весной

in autumn – осенью

in winter – зимой

She sings well – Она хорошо поет. (вообще)
I go to the Institute on foot. Я хожу в институт пешком.(всегда)
Peter swims well. Петя плавает хорошо.(вообще)
Peter goes to the South every summer. Петя ездит на юг каждое лето. (повторяющееся действие)

2. Для выражения общеизвестного факта (солнце всходит на востоке)

The Earth goes round the Sun. Земля вращается вокруг Солнца.

As soon as I write the letter, I will post it immediately.

4. У потребляется вместо Continuous с глаголами, обозначающими восприятие, умственные усилия, чувства: to see, to feel, to hear, to know, to understand, to want, to love, to like, to be, to belong, to consist.

Существует правило противоположных суффиксов (хорошая подсказка для изучающих язык), которое заключается в том, что наличие у подлежащего суффикса множественного числа «-s(-es)» исключает суффикс «-s(-es)» глагола сказуемого и наоборот:

Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы в простом настоящем времени необходим вспомогательный глагол «do», причём в третьем лице единственного числа окончание «-s(-es)» добавляется не к смысловому, а к вспомогательному глаголу. Чтобы задать вопрос, нужно поставить вспомогательный глагол «do (does)» перед подлежащим за которым следует смысловой глагол (инфинитив без «to»). Например:

Do you play chess? Вы играете в шахматы?
Does he speak English well? Он хорошо говорит по английски?
Do trains stop at this station? Останавливаются ли поезда на этой станции?
Does the ship arrive soon? Скоро ли прибывает это судно?

Вопрос задается при помощи вспомогательного глагола DO, в третьем лице единственного числа – вспомогательный глагол DOES.

Отрицание – к вспомогательному глаголу добавляется отрицательная частица NOT

Отрицательная форма глаголов в простом настоящем времени образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола «do(does)» и отрицания «not», которые ставятся перед смысловым глаголом ( в форме инфинитива без «to»), например:

We do not play chess. Мы не играем в шахматы.
The students do not go to the library every day. Студенты не ходят в библиотеку каждый день.
He does not smoke. Он не курит.

I don’t play hockey. Я не играю в хоккей.
The computer doesn’t work. Компьютер не работает.

Слова, обозначающие частоту действия, надо ставить перед глаголом, который это действие обозначает. Частоту действия обозначают слова:

I seldom drink coffee.- Я редко пью кофе.

You usually watch TV in the evening. — Вы обычно смотрите телевизор по вечерам.

We go to work very often . – Мы очень часто ходим на работу.

We go to work quite often . – Мы ходим на работу довольно часто.

I sometimes meet your father at the station. Я иногда встречаю твоего отца на станции.
My parents always spend their holidays at the seaside. Мои родители всегда проводят отпуск на море.
Twice a year students take their exams. Два раза в году студенты сдают экзамены.

Как видно из примеров, утвердительная форма простого настоящего времени образуется путём постановки первой формы глагола ( инфинитив без частицы «to») после подлежащего. Однако, если подлежащее стоит в форме 3-го лица единственного числа (т.е. если подлежащее выражено местоимениями «он, она, оно» или его можно заменить этими местоимениями), то к основе глагола добавляется суффикс «-s(-es)», например:

My friend lives in a hostel. Мой друг живёт в общежитии.
The school year begins in september. Учебный год начинается в сентябре.
She drives a car. Она водит машину.

Which of you speaks German?- Кто из вас говорит по немецки?

— I don’t write – Я не пишу

— He/she doesn’t write – Он/она не пишет. ( s – «перескочила»)

— He doesn ’ t write – Он/она не пишет. – сокращенный вариант.

Мой брат читает газеты каждый день.

Она живет в Лондоне, она не живет в Москве.

Мой папа ужинает не в 10 часов.

Этот пожилой человек не открывает окна очень часто.

Он любит молоко. Он не любит кофе.

Маленькая девочка не играет на улице

Формула: V (глагол без частицы to)

I форма глагола I,you,we,they V, he,she,it V-s

— I don’t write – Я не пишу

— He/she doesn’t write – Он/она не пишет.

— He doesn ’ t write – Он/она не пишет. – сокращенный вариант. ( s – «перескочила»)

Which of you speaks German?- Кто из вас говорит по немецки?

Его главные признаки:

as a rule – как правило

every day/evening/morning – каждый день / вечер / утро

in the morning(s) – по утрам

twice a week – дважды в неделю

3 times a month – три раза в неделю

on Saturdays – по субботам

at week-ends, on one’s free days – по выходным

nowadays – в настоящее время, в наши дни

quite often – довольно часто

rather seldom – довольно редко

very often – очень часто

very seldom – очень редко

every Sanday – каждое воскресенье

in spring – весной

in autumn – осенью

in winter – зимой

2. Для выражения общеизвестного факта (солнце всходит на востоке)

As soon as I write the letter, I will post it immediately.

4. У потребляется вместо Continuous с глаголами, обозначающими восприятие, умственные усилия, чувства: to see, to feel, to hear, to know, to understand, to want, to love, to like, to be, to belong, to consist.

Вопрос задается при помощи вспомогательного глагола DO, в третьем лице единственного числа – вспомогательный глагол DOES.

Отрицание – к вспомогательному глаголу добавляется отрицательная частица NOT

Слова, обозначающие частоту действия, надо ставить перед глаголом, который это действие обозначает. Частоту действия обозначают слова:

I seldom drink coffee.- Я редко пью кофе.

You usually watch TV in the evening. — Вы обычно смотрите телевизор по вечерам.

We go to work very often . – Мы очень часто ходим на работу.

We go to work quite often . – Мы ходим на работу довольно часто.